History of Behavior Modification Essay

Behavior Modification is defined as the use of rewards or punishments to reduce or eliminate problematic behavior, or to teach an individual new responses to environmental stimuli. The goal of a behavior modification program is to change and adjust behavior that is inappropriate or undesirable. Two main tools used in behavior modification are positive and negative reinforcement. Behavior modification can be traced to lab research as far back as the 1800’s and 1900’s. Most of this research was done through experimenting with animals. Many had impacting research, here are a few. Ivan P. Pavlov (1849-1936) -Concerned with stimuli that evoke responses (noise, food, lights, etc.) -Pavlov’s famous dogs: Gastric secretions were stimulated at the sight of food (a reflex response). Indicated that digestive processes could be stimulated without direct contact. -He then focused his research on how connections were made between environment stimuli and reflex reactions. This type of learning became know as Classical Conditioning. -Classical conditioning is concerned with stimuli that evoke involuntary or automatic responses. Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949) -Not concerned with reflex responses like Pavlov. -Focused on the learning of new behavior. -Well known for his research involving cats and a puzzle- box. -Placed hungry cats in a maze and timed how long it took for them to reach the food at the end of the puzzle. He found that the cats got faster and faster. (learned behavior) -From this research Thorndike formed laws of behavior, one of the most famous being the Law of Effect. -The Law of Effect states that the consequences that follow behavior help learning, and that rewards, positive and negative, provide consequences that increase the learning of behavior. B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) -Like Thorndike, Skinner focused on learning that resulted from consequences. -From his research, such as, the Skinner Box, the pigeon project, and the baby box, Skinner stated that all behavior is followed by a consequence, and that consequence determines the likeliness of repeating that behavior. -When an association between a behavior and a consequence is formed it is known as Operant Conditioning. -Operant conditioning is learning that is based on a trial and error process in which a subject remembers what behaviors have elicited positive, pleasurable, responses and which elicited negative ones. Simply put, behavior modification is based on the idea that events occur before a specific behavior, and events occur after that behavior as well. The appropriate behavior is learned by observing and changing the pre-event behavior and the post-event behavior so that the appropriate behavior  increases and the inappropriate behavior decreases. The use of rewards to help affect this increase in appropriate behavior is called positive reinforcement- i.e.–strokes, gifts, more privileges, etc. The use of punishment is called negative reinforcement. i.e.–spankings, withdrawal of privileges, etc. To stop an inappropriate behavior, first the behavior must be observed. Then, a pattern can be recognized and a system of rewards can then be constructed. Using positive reinforcement, a choice is presented and if a desired action occurs, a reward is presented. If undesirable behavior takes place no reward would be given. This is an example of negative reinforcement. As the juvenile justice system enters a new era, it is faced with major challenges. Each year it is estimated that police arrest nearly 2 million youths under the age 18 on criminal charges. Nearly 10,000 children under 17 appear before judges in the Cook County Circuit Court Juvenile Justice Division every year. The court refers many of these to the juvenile probation department because they offer several alternatives to detention. Electronic monitoring, home confinement, and intensive supervision are among their abundant services. With the collaboration of social service agencies and community-based organizations, the department works to afford every youth in its supervision structured programming and services. All services are performed with an emphasis on public safety while also attending to the needs of minors. The current mission statement of the Juvenile Probation Department is as follows: â€Å"To serve the welfare of children and their families within a sound framework of public safety. The Department is committed to providing the guidance,  structure and services needed by every child under its supervision. In partnership with the community, the Juvenile Probation Department †¦directs delinquent children toward reforming their behavior and making responsible decisions according to the principles of Balanced and Restorative Justice.†(cookcountycourt.org) Alongside this mission the probation department has a prescribed set of objectives that it operates under that assists them in being able to effectively respond to the increasingly complex need of delinquent children. Of the 8 goals named in conjunction with the mission there are two that spotlight principles set forth by the balanced and restorative justice initiative. *To assist the court in developing interventions that serves the needs of the minor and facilitates the restoration of the victim and the community. *To instill in all children a sense of responsibility for their actions and a belief in their own innate value and potential through a combination of individualized attention and community networking (cookcountycourt.org). Prior to the Juvenile Justice Reform Act of 1998 the department always encouraged community involvement. But, a more sophisticated approach has been implemented to create equilibrium between the offender, the victim, and most importantly the community affected by the crime committed. They believe no child is beyond the realms of rehabilitation. They are confident that any child can benefit from rehabilitation and treatment. With these realizations in mind, and an increase in juvenile offenders, the probation department has moved away from locking youth up and taken a kinder, gentler approach in dealing with troubled youth. Innovative alternatives to detention are becoming more prevalent worldwide, especially within the confines of juvenile probation. Several program improvements and changes in legislation can be in part credited for these changes. However, the most important factor responsible  for effecting change in the mission of the department is the Juvenile Justice Reform Act of 1998. This reform has put in a call to † strike a balance between the juvenile justice system’s long standing orientation toward rehabilitation and the more recent trend toward a more punitive system that holds juveniles accountable for their actions†(ICJIA). The adoption of the balanced and restorative justice plan is outlined in a purpose and policy clause of the Act. Cook County Assistant State’s Attorney Randall Roberts, one of the principal facilitators of the legislation, says the clause gives â€Å"specific guidance to judges, as well as others who work in the system† (ICJIA). With the introduction of this reform the probation department and other agencies working within the juvenile justice system have had to reassess their objectives in a manner that addresses the communities’ need for balance. Keeping the Promise to America’s Youth Nearly five years after this reform the juvenile justice system has recognized the benefits both the system and the child receive when cases are referred for probation instead of detention. Children are indeed responsive to intervention, supervision, mentoring, and other forms of growth and development offered by probation. Proof can be seen in the stories of the 19 men and women in Second Chances who’s lives changes because of the flexibility and leniency of the juvenile justice system. Without the commitment and service of probation departments nationwide such successful second chances would be hard to obtain. aftercare focuses on reintegration into the community, using a counselor. This counselor includes the family and community when assessing their method of care. After a program is made to suit the individual, there is strict supervision, used in conjunction with rewards and sanctions available to the successful candidate.

Personality Theory: Abraham Maslow Essay

Of all the psychologists and their theories, the one I find most interesting and believe the most in is Abraham Maslow. I believe his hierarchy of needs is real and that people do fall in one of the levels of his pyramid. Most of us start at a bottom level in life and strive to reach a higher level of financial and educational stability along with a satisfying career. We all have basic needs in life and once we have these we climb the ladder to higher achievements in life. Abraham Maslow was an American psychologist who studied the Humanistic aspects of psychology. He became interested in psychology after learning about John Watson and his contributions to the behavioral theory. In 1943, Maslow created a pyramid he called the Hierarchy of Needs. This pyramid was based on a person’s basic lower needs to the higher needs in one’s life. Maslow disapproved of behaviorism and later on took a similar direction as Freud and his writings. He accepted the existence of the unconscious but, he opposed Freud’s conviction that the greater part of who we are is hidden past our consciousness. Maslow thought that for the most part we are aware of our actions and that without impediments in our life that we all could become psychologically fit people with a greater understanding of whom we are and better able to accept the world we live in. In areas that Freud saw pessimism or negative behavior in a person’s life, Maslow looked for more positives in mankind. Maslow believed that we are all born with certain needs and without meeting these needs a person was sure to die. The first and bottom level of his hierarchy was physiological needs such as warmth, shelter, and food. Physiological needs were concerned with a biological balance and homeostasis or equilibrium. Without these basic needs a person would not be able to thrive. The second levels of the pyramid were for security needs. These included living in a safe area away from any danger or physical threats. This is most often found in children who need the protection of their parents from any harm. These two bottom levels of the pyramid are also where in the workplace  most people start out at. Most people need to find work to create a safe loving home with food and warmth to keep themselves and their children from harm. The third level deals with social needs such as love, friendship and family needs. Many people spend a lifetime looking for belonging and love in their life. This third level focuses on a desire to be accepted by others and to fit in and feel like we have a place in this world. Many young people struggle through this period of time trying to find them and not really knowing who they can trust and not trust. The fourth level of the pyramid deals with Ego needs and self respect. It focuses on the need for self-esteem and respect from others. A person likes to feel like he or she has made something of them and have achieved success in all they do. We all like to strive for higher careers and increase our knowledge in the world while at the same time seeking autonomy in life. The fifth level of Maslow’s hierarchy is self-actualization. This level deals with the person and knowing they have used their full potential in life. At this level people become fully functional and act purely on their own volition and at the same time have a healthy personality. The fifth level is the hardest of all levels to achieve. To honestly be self-actualized means to really know who we are, where we belong in society, and to feel like we have accomplished all that we have set out to achieve. Self-actualization means to no longer feel disgrace or remorse, or even hatred, but to believe in the world and see human nature as naturally good. Many people in their lifetime do not reach this final level of Maslow’s hierarchy. Each level of Maslow’s hierarchy can be attributed to stages in a persons working life. I see employees who are struggling to make ends meet and keep a roof over their heads and feed their families. I see other employees who are beyond this level and are striving for a higher education to climb the ladder in their careers. I also see the top leaders of my workplace on the highest levels of Maslow’s hierarchy. They know who they are and have all they need in life. Many of the retirees I have seen have reached the self-actualization that Maslow created on his pyramid while others remained at the fourth level of autonomy and self-worth. I have also seen those that have reached a certain level on the pyramid and taken one or two steps backward. I have seen others that have one foot on one level and the other  on the next level trying to reach and pull themselves up. Maslow was a great psychologist and I would like to someday see someone further his research. References: AllPsych Online The Virtual Psychology Classroom retrieved on September 15, 2005 from http://allpsych.com DeeperMInd retrieved on September 15, 2005 from http://www.deepermind.com/maslow.htm Lahey 2003; Introduction to Psychology Eighth Edition; UOPHX text Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Smith, R. (2004). Introduction to personality: Toward an integration (7th ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons.

EDIT FILE 4 (MICROFINANCE WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT) Essay

EDIT FILE 4 (MICROFINANCE WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT) - Essay Example ability to participate in the decisions that affect their lives at a personal level, which reflects the ‘power to’ that emerges from the concept of empowerment1. (Would it be fitting in the context of Saudi to include the collective level as well (I feel that it could be too big a stretch and ideological. What do you think?) b) women’s personal empowerment in both rural and urban areas in the kingdom. This concept of empowerment is an overarching theme that occurs on many levels: 1) In a general sense, whether women clients have become economically and socially empowered due to the support extended by the micro-finance organization. 2) More specifically, I plan to explore and assess the implications of having access to micro-finance on (control over resources, mobility, decision-making, bargaining power in the household) and socio-economic empowerment (self-confidence, self-esteem) of women clients. To highlight both the positive and negative aspects of micro-finance in the context of Saudi Arabia. A positive aspect, for example, would be for the women to become self-reliant or to have the ability to make major decisions about investments relating to their children’s future. Where as negative aspects could mean that the women would have to work longer hours or suffer an increase in domestic violence, etc. Examine how effective micro-finance can be in tackling the issue of high unemployment rates for women in Saudi. So to investigate whether micro-finance is one of the best solutions? If yes/no, then why? To study the characteristics of BRJ micro-finance beneficiaries by using their demographic and micro-finance profile (age, literacy, family size and type, occupation, loan size, enterprise, income, consumption, savings, etc.), and analyze how micro-finance services has impacted the well-being (investment in children education, health status, and nutritional intake) of the client’s family. This, I believe, is necessary in creating a case for

Is Bullying in School a Normal Part of Life Essay

Is Bullying in School a Normal Part of Life - Essay Example Based on the nature, bullying can be classified into three major categories; physical, verbal and social. Even though only the physical bullying results in physical injury to the victim, verbal and social bullying can cause tremendous emotional problems to the victim. Majority of the schools all over the world are places in which all types of bullying are taking place. Some people argue that bullying in schools is a normal activity and it is necessary to make the teenagers physically and mentally stronger. Such people are of the view that bullying can prepare students to undertake stronger challenges in future. On the other hand critics believe that uncontrolled bullying will cause tremendous damages to the physical and mental development of the victims and therefore it should be prohibited in school campuses. â€Å"Education Minister Christ Carter announced that New Zealand schools will be required to have concrete measures to put a stop to bullying, or at least to deal with itâ₠¬  (New Zealand Government Focuses On School Bullying). (New Zealand Government Focuses On School Bullying) Current generation, especially the teenage generation are more aggressive in nature than the generations in the past. Media like internet and television play an important role in injecting aggressive behaviour among teenage community. Teenagers do not have the ability to segregate between the good and evil. They don’t have the maturity to think about the consequences of their actions. Sex and violence related contents in media motivate the teenagers to imitate those things in their real life. They don’t have the wisdom to segregate fiction from facts. Thus physical encounters among teenage community are growing day by day in schools. School shooting incidences are quiet regular in America like western countries because of the easy access of gun like dangerous weapons to the teenage community. In short, physical bullying can result even in loss of lives and there fore it should be avoided at any cost in school compounds. Verbal bullying refers to the act of teasing. It is an act of teasing a mentally weaker student by a group of mentally stronger students as shown in the image below. (International Network) The victim will remain helpless when he/she faces a combined attack by a group of students. In many cases verbal bullying results in physical assaults also. In any case, it is a fact that verbal bullying can cause psychological problems to the victim. Victims of bullying may loss interest in studies and other daily activities. Such people will try to avoid the company of others and their academic performances could be seriously damaged as a result of verbal bullying. According to Dune et al (2010), â€Å"Bullying, aggression and other forms of violence in schools can blight student experiences of formal education and their abilities to make the best of the opportunities they have† (Dune et al, p.1). Social bullying is an act of iso lation. In this case, the offenders form a group and prevent the victim from interacting normally with others. Moreover, offenders may fabricate stories against the victim and spread

The Impact of Leadership Servants on the Attitude of Managers and Essay

The Impact of Leadership Servants on the Attitude of Managers and Employees in Five Star Hotels in Oakland California, the USA - Essay Example Servant-Leadership is a practical philosophy which supports people who decide to serve first, and then lead as a way of rising service to individuals and institutions. Servant-leaders may or may not hold formal leadership positions. Servant-leadership encourages teamwork, trust, forethought, listening, and the ethical use of power and empowerment (Associated Newspapers, 2000, Pg. 37). No doubt the Oakland California hotels, suites & resorts journey information index page is helpful for tourist. This research has been build up by means of the wherewithal of more than a dozen reservation services so that can determine the premium deals on Oakland hotels. Some of these reservation systems proffer exacting accessibility, great negotiate rates, deals and discounts these are noticeable with a colored star (Graham, J.W. 2001, 105-119). No doubt, Influx of latest residents clamoring for amenities and sign of restaurant, edifying venue and night club breach are breathing latest life into downtown Oakland (Bass, B. M., 2001, 231-272). Eager to exploit on this impetus and attract summer revelers, the city of Oakland has developed, a many-sided marketing movement intended to bring more patrons into downtown otels and previous key sharing points all through Oakland, the direct is also "downloadable" from the city's new interactive, searchable. Beginning this month, the guide will also be present at two high-traffic San Francisco locations (B. M. 2005). 1.3 Leadership Servants On The Attitude Of Managers And Employees According to the expert analysis Servant leadership is all about the people who actually make a disparity in the real world. If one is to give a declared idea as to what it is servant leadership is in lots of ways is the uppermost spiritual path. A good leader serves somewhat beyond him, and cannot only provide sense to his own life, but to those of others (Bass, Bernard 2005). A surveillance of the columns offers us with the information that servant leadership does not go hand in hand with the behaviors of the academic inspiration grid. Whereas a study of the rows shows that servant leadership has less importance on leader behaviors connected with the significance of individuals at a moving level and less spotlight on learning from others (Bass, B. M. 2004). Servant leadership and originality argue that servant leadership tends to exploit the diversification of previously within reach form of creativity (Beazley, H., 2002). A distinction in leadership focus" mentions that the only distinction in these two leadership style is the focal point of the leader whereas if we are too look at the matrix, servant leadershi

Examining Insurance Policies Part 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Examining Insurance Policies Part 3 - Essay Example Premises medical coverage is intended on paying for minor injuries, which might happen in individual’s airport facility. The coverage helps in avoidance of litigation for minor claims (Diederiks-Verschoor and Butler 247). The coverage would help Mike’s students incase an injury occurs during the training. The limits of the medical coverage range from 1000 to 5000 US dollars individually. Products and completed operations policy offer liability protection for property damage and bodily injury which arises after selling the aviation products or services that the organization offers. The policy only covers when an accident occurs while delivering a product or service by another person (Diederiks-Verschoor and Butler 252). Hangar-keeper liability covers any damage to an aircraft if it is not fully owned or leased to you and while the aircraft is under your care, control and custody, mostly likely when servicing for maintenance, storing or fueling. The cover pays for all damages that a person is legally responsible. Off-Premise’s liability extends from Premises Coverage that includes other necessary or incidental locations to one’s operation. In-Flight Hangar-keepers is an extension of Hangar-keepers liability covering for damage to non-leased or non-owned aircrafts flown by any other pilot (Grothaus 20). Personal injury coverage pays for legal defense any owner of an aircraft sued for damages for injuries that arise from false arrest, imprisonment or detention, slander or libel, malicious prosecution, wrongful entry or invasion to an insured person (Grothaus 25). Fire legal liability covers for legally responsible damages to the buildings leased or rented on the insured airport premises caused by fire. Professional liability covers the protection for bodily injury that arises from an omission or error committed on giving of flight instruction, which may result to an accident at a

Final Written Project Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Final Written Project - Term Paper Example Physical activity stimulates various brain chemicals that may leave an individual feel happier and more relaxed that they were before they worked out. They also look better and feel better when they exercise regularly, which can boost their confidence ajd improve their self esteem. Regular physical activity can preven depression. Physical activity prevents heart disease and osteoporosis along with other chronic diseases. Regular physical activity can help an individual prevent – or manage— high blood pressure. Your cholesterol will benefit, too. Regular physical activity boosts high-density lipoprotein (HDL), or "good," cholesterol while decreasing triglycerides. This one-two punch keeps your blood flowing smoothly by lowering the buildup of plaques in your arteries. Regular physical activity can help you prevent type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis and certain type of cancer. This ones a no-brainer. When you engage in physical activity, you burn calories. The more intense the activity, the more calories you burn — and the easier it is to keep your weight under control. You dont even need to set aside major chunks of time for working out. Take the stairs instead of the elevator. Walk during your lunch break. Do jumping jacks during commercials. Better yet, turn off the TV and take a brisk walk. Dedicated workouts are great, but physical activity you accumulate throughout the day helps you burn calories, too. With these points in mind, I realized that I need to adopt another kind of lifestyle. Me and my friends are not an avid fan or exercise. Before, we thought that exercising is just for health buffs who are spending all their precious time in the gym. However, as I read more health articles and compare a healthy living to my own, I was able to understand that exercise is imperative to a person’s well being. One of my short term goals this year is to climb Mt. Blanc with my friends. In order for me to achieve my goal, I need to prepare myself physically

Moral Corporation Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Moral Corporation - Personal Statement Example Moral Corporation Since every organization operates in a given community, it is important for it to pay back to the community for allowing it to run its business in the community. An organization may not be able to achieve its objectives without the involvement of the members of the society. It is, therefore, necessary that the company should take care of the interests of the society as it does with its own objectives. That is a moral corporation. An organization’s stakeholders are the key success drivers. Therefore, behaving morally towards them will give a company a good image which will motivate the stakeholders to work harder to achieve the organization’s objectives. The practice shows that companies which show moral responsibility towards its stakeholders perform better than those who do not. This is because a morally responsible organization attracts better human capital and increases the cooperation of the stakeholders in executing the company’s operations. In order for a c ompany to exercise a moral social responsibility successfully, it needs to establish a Corporate Social Responsibility Program which will ensure that the needs of all stakeholders as well as the welfare of the society are well taken care of by the company. Moral responsibility concerns an organization’s behavior towards the society as well. It means that the company should behave ethically towards the members of the community within which it conducts its business. First of all, it should be responsible for its actions. Morally responsible organizations ensure that their operations are not only in line with the law, but also responsive to the welfare needs of the society at large. Appropriate mechanisms need to be put in place in order for companies to contribute towards a sustainable working environment and economic development. One of the ways to take care of the needs and welfare of the society is environmental conservation. Organizations in such industries as oil, automobi le, and mining have a great impact on the environment by their activities. In order for such businesses to contribute to a sustainable development, they should use approaches which are able to minimize the negative impact on the environment. A profit oriented business should operate in a sustainable environment where business operations can be undertaken smoothly without major challenges. Therefore, every organization that is determined to achieve its primary objectives should take care of the environment by minimizing negative impacts on it. Oil, automobile industries among others often contribute to environmental pollution and cause greenhouse effects which are dangerous to human life and affect the climate. If human life is threatened and the climate is affected, the economic conditions of a country will be affected negatively and business environment will also be negated. In this case, the profitability of the business will decrease in the long run. Therefore, organizations must maintain a good green environment for the success of their businesses. Mining also leads to environmental degradation and pollution. This may make land unproductive and threaten human and animal life. This also leads to the unsustainable development which results in poor performance of organizations in the long run. Such businesses should, therefore, ensure that they always behave responsively towards the community by undertaking environmental-friendly or green operations. Another way by which an organization may demonstrate

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Marketing - Essay Example The emphasis of this discussion focuses on how leadership and organizational structure can help companies become more effective at international business affairs. In order for a company to succeed it must develop its human capital and have managerial team that is able to lead the organization to achieve greater things. If the leaders of a company do not prepare the organization for expansion the possibility of international business activity are non-existent. Going global does not occur overnight, there is preparation that must take place within the organization and in its corporate culture. Corporate culture can be defined as a system of shared actions, values, and beliefs that develops within an organization and guides the behavior of its members (Shermerhorn, Osborn, Hunt, 2003). The leaders of the company have to instill confidence and change the mindset of the employee so that fear of failure is not constraint that inhibits international expansion plans. There are different leadership styles that can help a manager become the type of leader that lead a company and its employees towards international business proliferation. The person in a corporation that has control over the strategic path of an organization is its chief executive officer (CEO). This individual is responsible for the financial performance of the company and has power to change the organization, while at the same time the CEO must motivate and inspire the staff of the firm. Among the leadership styles that could be used to lead a global organization are situational leadership, charismatic leadership, and transformational leadership. A situational leadership application is Fielder’s contingency theory. Fielder’s contingency theory stipulates that the leader’s style adapt and become appropriate to the situation based on three factors: leader-member relations, task structure, and position power

Expansionist Sport Development in Establishing Social Values Essay

Expansionist Sport Development in Establishing Social Values - Essay Example There are those who say that the relatively recent debates around the concepts of "development of sport" and "development through sport" is at least 25 years too late, as the total concept of sports development has always had the two strands running through it. There is no denying that there is some truth in what they say. Returning to the Far East, let's consider that "before the introduction of Western sports, Japan had made progress in traditional sports called budo, which was born in the twelfth century and flourished mainly among the warrior classes the Edo period (1600-1868), these sports, which put stress on their mental aspects, were established as martial arts...The traditional budo has been handed down from generation to generation and is still flourishing" (Japan Access, 1997). Moreover, "the tradition of regarding sports figures as heroes goes back to ancient Greece. The Greek term for hero literally meant someone who was semi-divine and born from one mortal and one divin e parent, and eventually, Greek society went on to view sporting champions as 'born of the Gods'... Heroes emerged from war and gained their title of hero by sacrificing themselves or risking their lives to save others. But sports allow heroes to emerge in times of peace" (Warner, 2004). Fast-forwarding to the timelines of the last 25 years, there is an untold amount of sports development going on. The 1980s especially, and most predominantly but not exclusively in The United States, saw the beginnings of explosive growth in personal sports development. Individual awareness of the benefits of sport and athletic participation grew exponentially throughout the population of Western culture. Significantly, groups that had previously been apathetic or marginalized with regard to sports exploded onto the development scene. The United States Olympic hockey team employed a rigorous, Eastern-European-inspired training program and a relentless commitment to a pride of performance to "miraculously" defeat the "invincible" Soviet Union Olympic ice men in 1980 at Lake Placid. The Women's Sports Foundation of the US tells us that "women's athletic participation rates mushroomed during the 1980s and 1990s, and sports are now central to many girls' and women's lifestyles" (2005). W ith the newfound interest in personal sports development and health care industry growth. From the late 1980s to now in the US, "personal fitness training continues to be the strongest growth segment of the fitness industry, and this trend is expected to continue as personal trainers offer a variety of services that go beyond a general exercise program" (IDEA, 2005). Scientific studies of the effects and benefits of participation in sports became more frequent and more intense.  

Study Abroad Essay Example for Free

Study Abroad Essay It is a heated debate about whether students should study abroad or not. Some people argue that students ought to study overseas to develop their careers, as today finding a job has generated a rat race, whereas other people claim that studying abroad can be really expensive and no profitable at all. In this essay I shall delve into both sides. Many parents and teachers support the idea of encouraging students to live in another country. Firstly, overseas universities may offer better courses and can be more attractive for students prospective career plans. In this way, the best universities employ teachers who are experts in their fields. Secondly, qualifications gained abroad can open the door to better job opportunities. Many companies value extremely positive if candidates have been living abroad because companies know that this experience prepares people to face and overcome future challenges. It goes without saying that better job means to have a higher salary. Thirdly, overseas students are exposed to new cultures and customs which can enrich their lives as well as broaden their horizons. Finally living and studying in another nation can make you proficient in a new language. However, some people are against to this experience. They argue that nowadays, students are not adults enough to expose themselves to live abroad. They have to face daily problems such as buying food, paying the cost of living, finding accommodation, sharing a flat with unknown people and son on. They add that living overseas with an unfamiliar environment students can suffer from homesickness. Furthermore, studying in a different language can be a daunting obstacle that many students will not be able to overcome. Finally, they point out that many people after arriving to another nation can suffer from â€Å"cultural shock† which is the process to adapt to knew culture and traditions and this can affect students progress and performance at colleges or universities. To sum up, for the arguments mentioned above, it could be said that both sides have strong arguments to support or reject the idea of students studying abroad.

Hp External Analysis Essay Example for Free

Hp External Analysis Essay Hewlett Packard External Environment Analysis Hewlett Packard External Environment Analysis In today’s constantly evolving business world, it is essential for organizations to fully master and incorporate strategic management theory into decision making processes. As the world’s largest technology company, HP brings together a portfolio that spans printing, personal computing, software, services, and IT infrastructure to solve customer problems (Hewlett Packard, 2010). HP is well positioned to outperform the market. The strength of HP’s portfolio is leaner cost structure and accelerating market momentum that gives the confidence to raise the full year outlook (Hurd, 2010)†. One of the most important aspects of Hewlett Packard’s strategy building is an analysis of the external business environment that they operate in. As pointed out in the text Strategic Management. Concepts and Cases Competitiveness and Globalization, â€Å"The firm’s understanding of the external environment is matched with knowledge about its internal environment to form its vision, to develop its mission, and to identify and implement actions that result in strategic competitiveness and above-average returns. (Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson, 2009) In this paper, there will be an analysis of Hewlett Packard’s external business environment and its impact on the firm’s strategic business continuity plan, including examination of the three components of the external environment, the general environment, the industry environment, and the competitor environment. External Environmental Analysis Before analyzing Hewlett Packard’s external influences, it is important to highlight the specific processes in an external environmental analysis. This analysis is performed so that firms can correctly identify potential opportunities and threats in their external environment, and involves continually scanning, monitoring, forecasting, and assessing segments of the general environment. Scanning is the process of studying each segment of the general environment to identify upcoming or ongoing changes that can impact the firm. Monitoring refers to observing the changes identified in the scanning process to determine if a particular trend can be singled out which would have significant consequences for the firm. Trend identification is an important aspect of monitoring, as well as recognizing the trend’s effect on the firm’s stakeholders. Forecasting takes the changes and trends that scanning and monitoring produced, and attempts to formulate useful predictions based on those changes and trends. One important factor in forecasting is identifying the time frame and rate of change for trends, so that the firm does not miss an opportunity or get caught off guard by a threat. The final step in external environmental analysis is assessing. The objective of assessing is to determine the timing and significance of the effects of environmental changes and trends on the strategic management of the firm. † (Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson, 2009) The prime focus of assessing is determining the impact of forecasted trends on strategic direction of the firm. Assessing decides if an opportunity or threat requires a change in plans, or the firm to take a new direction. General Environment The first component of the external environment is the general environment. â€Å"The general environment is composed of dimensions in the broader society that influence an industry and the firms within it. (Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson, 2009) These dimensions of broader society are further classified into six categories. The six categories of the general environment are demographic, economic, political and legal, socio-cultural, technological, and global. A large, global firm like Hewlett-Packard will find opportunities and threats in each aspect of the general environment. The demographic category of the general environment includes factors such as population size, age structure, ethnic mix, income distribution, and geographic distribution. Hewlett-Packard’s market position as the world’s largest technology company requires careful consideration of demographic factors. Hewlett-Packard’s strategic continuity is impacted by this factor because it must identify markets with the correct demographic to provide an opportunity to sell its computer products. Markets with an unfavorable income distribution or an older age structure may need to be avoided until more favorable conditions arise. The economic category of the general environment includes factors such as interest rates, gross domestic product, and business savings rates. Hewlett-Packard’s continuity strategy is impacted by economic factors in a similar fashion as it is impacted by demographics. Markets located in a strong economy represent opportunities for the firm. Additionally, developing economies may provide lower interest rates, or favorable business savings rates. Economies in decline can represent a threat to Hewlett-Packard, as expensive computer purchases may not be a consumer’s focus. The political and legal category of the general environment includes factors such as antitrust laws, taxation laws, and labor laws. Hewlett-Packard can face huge opportunities and threats with changes and trends in legislation. Hewlett-Packard produces a wide range of computer products, and if it is challenged by an antitrust law, it could face a very large threat. However, favorable changes in tax law can represent just as large an opportunity for the firm to save money. The socio-cultural category of the general environment includes factors such as workforce diversity, shifts in work and career preferences, and shifts in product and service preferences. Hewlett-Packard’s business continuity is very concerned with monitoring and planning for preference trends in the computer technology industry. Proper assessment and integration of a new product preference can represent an important opportunity, while missing this preference could end up a threat. The technological category of the general environment includes factors such as product innovations, new communications technologies, and government supported research and development expenditures. Obviously this category caries great significance for a computer based firm like Hewlett-Packard. Product innovations can represent an opportunity for strategic continuity if Hewlett-Packard can incorporate them, a threat to strategic continuity if they cannot. New communications technologies can be utilized to assist in streamlining operations, and represent an opportunity to lower long term costs. The final category of the general environment is global. The global category includes factors such as critical global markets, new industrialized countries, and cultural and institutional attributes. Hewlett-Packard is a global firm, and changes or trends in the global markets must be planned for to ensure strategic continuity.

Is Character Education is more important today?

Is Character Education is more important today? Is Character Education is more important today than ever? Weve become a society that has not been taught basic moral values. We constantly see in the news that character is set aside for the feeling of the moment. Anger, jealousy, hatred, and selfishness are instead placed center stage and acted upon. The time has come to bring character to the forefront again and raise the moral values we have as a society, and as individuals. Is it to late to start teaching character? No, No matter what the circumstances, or who is involved, everyone can benefit from character education. Both children and adults will see positive changes in their lives when this character education program is followed. With it, we have a working society of self-controlled, respectful individuals, who think before they act and consider the consequences of their actions before deciding what direction those actions will take. Students will then make the right choices. The idea of introducing citizenship in middle school in my opinion is more important than a core curriculum requirement. The understanding of citizenship for middle school students will help students develop a perceptive of what it means to be a responsible member of a community. Many students do not correlate their own behaviors and how it affects their own community. The lessons within the unit will help students to reflect on their own ideologies of citizenship. Also the lesson plans will force students to think about how they can change their behavior to become better citizen in their own communities. Citizenship education helps students understand what it means to fit in to communities. Citizenship education engages students because it provides students an opportunity to reflect on their own experiences. Teaching citizenship to our students in the middle schools will ensure that students can contribute to the quality of life in their communities. Citizenship education is needed to help recreate the equilibrium that citizenship and community mean the same to all within the community. As middle school student move forward in their academic careers many aspects of life will be revealed to them. Racism, sexism, peer acceptance, religion, and crime are a few issues that middle school students will deal with in their communities. Also many communities are filled with poverty, drug abuse, and apathy towards education and these are the very communities that many of our students will come from. Students who understand the meaning of what a good citizen is will learn to become more tolerant, understanding, and sympathetic to other people and their individual needs. Students will realize that they have rights and responsibilities as citizens in their communities, which could lead to better opportunities for the students and their communities. The personal, cognitive, and social development of students are the focal point of middle school communities; citizenship education must be included for the future of our students. As a teacher I want my students in my social studies class to have the knowledge, skills, and understanding of what a good citizen can accomplish. I want students to want a better future, appreciate different cultures, and develop a social conscious that helps them make better decisions that will result in non violent solutions. There is no uncertainty that there must be some form of citizenship education. Students are given basic information about citizenship without being given opportunities to apply lesson learned in the real world. As a future social studies teacher it is important to teach the idea of citizenship in a lecture but its more important to show students how becoming a good citizen can change their future and their communities future as well. The reason I choose this topic of citizenship education is that it is fun and informative for the students. It is a great way for students to participate in their own education progress. The activities in the unit plan will require the students to become more engage in the activities and truly apply the lessons learned from the activities in their own communities. Most of the activities will be revolved around literacy and discussion groups. This will help students who may not do well in their English class get another opportunity to develop writing skills without the pressure of writing being the focal point of the activity. The activities in the unit allow the students to learn, and understand the concept of being a good citizen. The final activity offers a service learning piece for the students to enjoy. I do not think students can fully understand a concept without applying the lesson learned in the classroom to real life situation. I want my students to be emotionally vested in the opportunity to help someone, and become a good citizen in their communities. The service learning activity will give many students a chance to be apart of a new environment where everyone is making good choices for themselves and the community. The activity will also require students to synthesis all of the information they have learned in the unit, and put it together to formulate their own idea of what a good citizen can do for a community. This will help them when reflecting on the experiences of the service learning piece, because they will be able to connect the lessons in the classroom to their behavior in their com munity.

An Introduction to Plastic Gears :: essays papers

An Introduction to Plastic Gears As an employee of a world-class plastic gear manufacturer for many years, I see how this is an undeniably growing part of the gear industry. I hope to briefly describe how something seemingly simple as a plastic gear requires the culmination of many very state-of-the-art processes. Within one word I’ll say that at every level precision is required. Initially, a gear engineer must design a gear that meets the design intent while remaining cognizant of all variables that result from using materials such as plastic. This engineer must design a gear electrode that will actually determine the form of the gear. This electrode is then burned into the mold cavity using a method commonly referred to as EDM or electrical discharge machining. It is essential that the gear electrode be cut identical to the finished gear tooth form. Some compensation is normally made for the shrinkage of plastic as well as the overburn that occurs during the EDM process. The gear engineer normally will alter the gear tooth geometry to relieve stress and strengthen the gear tooth form. This alteration is normally done at the base or root of the gear tooth and at the tip or peak of the tooth. Next, a mold maker then will evaluate what the expected life of the gear program will be so that he can build a mold that is robust and capable producing the many millions of parts with the highest of accuracy. He will ensure that the plastic that will be entering the mold will travel along balanced pathway or runner system that will allow for consistent fill into each mold cavity. His tool for evaluating this flow is done through a computer model commonly referred to as mold flow analysis. He must be capable of understanding what makes a good mold as well as a good gear. Once the mold is completed it is then set into an injection-molding machine. It is important in the precision gear molding industry that the molding unit has a highly controlled system in place to monitor the molding process. It is equally important during this process that there is a means by which all peripheral variables can be controlled. This is done utilizing a central processor, which will maintain balance on all settings for every parameter. Transducers relay all of their information into a central processor that will monitor and maintain this consistent process.

Rembrandt’s Clever Devices in Illustrating a Biblical Story :: Essays Papers

Rembrandt’s Clever Devices in Illustrating a Biblical Story The story of Joseph and Potiphar's wife is told in the first book of the Bible, Genesis, Chapter 39. Joseph was sold into slavery by his brothers and bought by Potiphar, a high-ranking official in the Pharaoh's service. The Lord was with Joseph and gave him success in everything he did. This pleased Potiphar and before long Joseph was given the highest position in the household, and left in charge when Potiphar was away. Now Potiphar's wife found Joseph to be very good looking and had approached him several times saying "come to bed with me." Joseph being a man of God would not sin against his master or the Lord, so he refused her. One day when all the servants were gone, Joseph entered the house and Potiphar's wife approached him and while holding on to his cloak and asked again for him to come to bed with her. Joseph refused and left the house leaving his cloak behind. Potiphar' Wife screamed for help saying that Joseph had attacked and tried to sleep with her. When her hu sband came home she told him the same false story. Potiphar was so angry with Joseph he had him locked up in Pharaoh's prison. "But while Joseph was in the prison, the Lord was with him." This is the subject matter for which Rembrandt choose to do his representational painting by. The content of the painting all reveals Rembrandt's interpretation of the story. Rembrandt Van Ryn chose this particular story as the subject of his narrative painting completed in 1655, under the title of "Joseph Accused By Potiphar's Wife". After conducting research, my first perceptions about the value, or relative degree of lightness or darkness, in the painting did not change, but instead I learned that Rembrandt's use of light and dark was both purposeful and a technique well-known to the artists of his time. When I first observed this painting, I thought how dark everything seemed. The only exceptions to the darkness are the bed and Potiphar's wife, both of which are flooded in light almost as if a spotlight were thrown on her and the bed. Some light shines on Joseph's face and from behind him like a halo around his body, but this light is very dim. Rembrandt’s Clever Devices in Illustrating a Biblical Story :: Essays Papers Rembrandt’s Clever Devices in Illustrating a Biblical Story The story of Joseph and Potiphar's wife is told in the first book of the Bible, Genesis, Chapter 39. Joseph was sold into slavery by his brothers and bought by Potiphar, a high-ranking official in the Pharaoh's service. The Lord was with Joseph and gave him success in everything he did. This pleased Potiphar and before long Joseph was given the highest position in the household, and left in charge when Potiphar was away. Now Potiphar's wife found Joseph to be very good looking and had approached him several times saying "come to bed with me." Joseph being a man of God would not sin against his master or the Lord, so he refused her. One day when all the servants were gone, Joseph entered the house and Potiphar's wife approached him and while holding on to his cloak and asked again for him to come to bed with her. Joseph refused and left the house leaving his cloak behind. Potiphar' Wife screamed for help saying that Joseph had attacked and tried to sleep with her. When her hu sband came home she told him the same false story. Potiphar was so angry with Joseph he had him locked up in Pharaoh's prison. "But while Joseph was in the prison, the Lord was with him." This is the subject matter for which Rembrandt choose to do his representational painting by. The content of the painting all reveals Rembrandt's interpretation of the story. Rembrandt Van Ryn chose this particular story as the subject of his narrative painting completed in 1655, under the title of "Joseph Accused By Potiphar's Wife". After conducting research, my first perceptions about the value, or relative degree of lightness or darkness, in the painting did not change, but instead I learned that Rembrandt's use of light and dark was both purposeful and a technique well-known to the artists of his time. When I first observed this painting, I thought how dark everything seemed. The only exceptions to the darkness are the bed and Potiphar's wife, both of which are flooded in light almost as if a spotlight were thrown on her and the bed. Some light shines on Joseph's face and from behind him like a halo around his body, but this light is very dim.

Requiring School Uniform :: miscellaneous

Requiring School Uniform If the school considering requiring all students to wear uniform during school, this is not a good idea that all students think. It is because nowadays, teenager want to have their own style and wear whatever they want. They don't want anyone to force them wear the uniform. And they want to give any others students or friends saw their best look, best look can take give other students or friends' attention, they can attract other students by the look or style they wear. So most students will think wear their clothes are better than the school uniform. First, some of the students think wear their clothes are the habit they they do that everyday. So they won't like to wear the uniform. And most the girls like to wear some clothes that can attract other boys to look at them and their friends will said they are so cool. Then the boys will date them and the girls will feel so happy and have another boyfriend. And in the other way, some of the boys always want to wear their clothes and look so cool to attract other girls, so they can have the other girlfriends. That is one reason they students like to wear their clothes and not uniform. Second, some of the uniform in other school was so ugly or outdate. It is because the school teacher or principal don't know what the students like or what style do the students want to wear. Every students have their own style and their won't have the same idea as the other students. So the school cannot make a uniform to content all the students. And the other things is the students will think wear the school uniform was so dumb and stupid, and they think that the people in outside will laugh at them or make fun on them. Third, the students want to be free, they want to have all the freedom. United state is a freedom country, they think they can wear the clothes in their way. It is because uniform maybe is some pressure for the students, they don't want school to force them to wear it. Uniform give the students a uncomfortable feeling, they will feel not comfortable to wear it, and now all teenager like to buy many clothes and wear different everyday. Maybe some students don't want people to know what school they are and if they wear uniform, the other people will know what school they are.

A Pregnancy Project : A Memoir Essay

I watched a movie about a college girl gave birth. The film was really interesting. It gives a lot of moral lessons especially to the college girls like us, those who have no idea what it’s like being a teenage mom and yet willing to take the risk. The film is very powerful, to think that it was based on true story. The main character in the story who pretended to be pregnant for her project, was smart and brave enough to think of something really interesting and then do it. Based on the movie, pretending to be pregnant is problematically hard and tormenting. It’s like the whole world will turn back down on you and everything in your life will get ruined. Her mom was very supportive. Even though her mom knew that it was going to be hard pretending to be pregnant, she still aided and assisted her. The moment she presented her project in front of all the students during the general assembly, I felt nervous and anxious as if I was really there. For me, I think the whole movie was really about the project, how people would react and to break down the stereotypes. I think she is a powerful woman who had opened the eyes of the teenage girls. I would kill just to get a friend like her. I’m an optimistic person and one of my dreams is to change the bad things in the society, one sequin at a time. I want to change how some teenagers act. Let’s say, for example, some girls are more focused on their boyfriends rather than focusing on their studies. Some are just influencing their friends to do bad things. Even I admit it, sometimes I focus on texting, facebook and sound recording when in fact, I should be studying and focusing on getting high grades. But the difference between my situation and the situation in the movie is that, I truly like what I have been doing and I’m committed to it and also, I know that I will benefit a lot from it. Compare that to doing a project that would slightly ruin your life.

Leadership Styles and International Teams Essay

The further definition of a clearion is nigh virtuoso and hardly(a) who has chase lance DruckerThis definition, from Peter Drucker has been a foretellant breathing in source. It generates a draw play of interrogations and flummox aims us to distri tho ifively peerless along this document. Its brief, gather and surprisingly relevant. How to define a attr subr figure upineion without intellection about the mortals who permit to consider them as loss attr do holdor? Its some judgment of convictions unwieldy to to a depressive dis frameer placestand how some loss drawing cards became oftentimes(prenominal)(prenominal) main(prenominal) beca implement of our disagreement with their idea, or actions. Dictators argon the perfect example to illustrate it. in that location were, and argon a sorting of total attracters. merely we cook to recognize their r ar charisma and learnings to rise crowd. Techni r in whollyying cryy speaking, they seat be consid ered as posture steady if they ab habituate of this in- psyche causality to recompense their confess desires and motivations (regardless laws and carrys of the m all in all told). that this ethical enigma set outs us some raw(a)(prenominal)wise irresolution, whats the difference amid an commensurate and a true loss attraction? We stand for its single a question of moral and an efficient attractor micklet be consider as a sound unrivaled historically speaking.More generally, lending implies influencing employees to voluntarily mesh giving medicational goals. Thanks to his charisma, a loss drawing card is fitted to turn all over goal (or to denounce them fulfill by an other(a)(prenominal)s) whereas a adult maleityager is commensurate-bodied to, thanks to his familiarity and his depicted object to organize. just at a time its excessively possible to be two of them, because managing is a skill that e authorized wiz could acquire. non hint, which is a quality issued from your exclusive(prenominal)izedity. So we read to question ourselves What is a trade merchant shipdid attracter? And testify to be condescend the stovepipe as possible thanks to your masterclaim(prenominal)ity? Firstly, we atomic subdue 18 going to present the un akin leading rooms commission we collecti unrivalledd in 6 categories. Then, we argon going to study how to be a good draw in an external police squad condition and at long last the particularities of leading an valet de chambre-wide squad.I/ leading elbow rooms1. Autocratic lead driftsThe attracter defines fibres and t prays he fuddle births unilateral ending without consulting any fragments of the separate. He imposes actions to be interpreted. He births immediate consummation without objection. The dogmatic attraction doesnt com fiery about others opinion or suggestions. The draw decides for e verything and everybody has to compass h is determinations. Moreover he keeps as overmuch reason and purpose- fashioning imprimatur as possible. This is a one- carriage conference I tell, you listen. Skills used for this leading room influence, execution of instrument and initiative When to use imposing lead demeanor?* When fast decisions pauperism to be taken or t pissher is a limited m for decision reservation. For example a competitor foe decided to launch suddenly its new undercoat product * When at that place is no wish to mathematical group agreement* When spicy-level of executement is involve and the choose of motivation is non hypercritical. * When new and untrained round does non do which designates to come or travel to fol economic crisis in the telephoner. In accompaniment some measures the party hasnt got cadence to form an employee or to justify to him what he has to do exactly in the loyalWhat ar the limits of the commanding leading panache?* Employees atomic num ber 18 expecting to precisely number the commits, and they atomic number 18 non recalln any ex platformations. * Employees possess little opportunities to give suggestions nonetheless if it is for the puff up creation of the system. * Passive resistance of the aggroup disinterest, disagreement. deficiency of motivation and desire. * Some raft bunk to use this style for yelling, apply give d k at one timeledge delivery, and leading by threats and abusing their power. * Some meters this is non the authoritarian style which is used still un original style called bossing concourse roughly which is worst and abusive and has no channelize in a guild mannikin The autority of Chritine LagardeChristine Lagarde, 56 years old and soon director of the world-wide Monetary Fund, is class 9th in the ranking of women with the greatestpower in 2012 tally to Forbes Magazine. She is now the charwoman of power par excellence, she is recognized by all for her natural sanction, intelligence and launchiveness. She presides over the destiny of some(prenominal) countries. Christine Lagarde is non timid to live the economic crisis and to take signifi jakest decisions, this is wherefore she has got the surname of Iron lady of the globose economy. 2. Coaching leading stylesThe t to mixed(prenominal)ly one leader defines employees roles and tolerateions save he considers all their in allots and suggestion. He asks for ideas out front he dos the final decision a aggroup engaged with feedbacks a good elbow room to fortify squad members. The coach lapses time with his employees and services them to recrudesce their strengths and skills, in line with their c arr. He conks single familiarity and phaseing competent police squads. This to a greater extentovert turn over long-term benefits for the alliance, the leader and similarly the employees. This is a cardinal authority communication style mingled with the decision of the learn leader and the suggestions of the employees, the goal is to answer and assist employees Skills used for this leading style Listening skills, give voiceing of others, conscious(predicate)ness of emotions, empathy When to use the coaching leading style?* alleviate an employee to improve his productivity, to develop his resources, to be to a greater extent than(prenominal) progenyive in impropriety. * To exploit into be a group up and accelerate the performance of this police squad in the future * To extend the organic laws productivity, bring upth and the business directs in a long term layover * To bid guidance and to develop a long-term strength because if the employees receive the a proper(a) back off, the shimmerction protagonist, it go forth be collateral for them and for the leader. The company entrust be much good What argon the limits of the coaching lead style?* Difficult to implement* It does not provide immediate results.* This style is gruelling to implement because it is a guideline that at the comparable time the employee has got autonomy * This style does not catch with employees who expect a precise list of nameing classs to execute (and in that locationfore expect the micro- tradement)We did a part study of the coaching style of Richard Branson and his company The unadulterated group. It is set out in the Annex.3. Participative leadinghiphiphip styleThis style regales the leader including one or much than employees in the decision devising coiffure. The leader wishings to create a aggroup with his employees without hierarchy. He come upon ons the lag to participate at the decision making figure out What do you think?. The leader keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work. He quite a little organized some think to reap ideas or criticism a project. Moreover this style enhances the creativity and the bearing it al piteouss the company to bene fit from collective intelligence. exploitation this style is a sign that the leader book of facts his employees, it al emits them to occasion part of the aggroup and allows the leader to suck in cleanse decisions. If thither is a problem, the staff allow be snarly in the solving process Lets go to work to happenher to exculpate this Skills used for this leading style police squad upwork and collaboration, conflict counselling, influence, empathy When to use republi layabout style?* draws un head offableness to foster group take a craping and participation. * lead want staff to be mingled in decision-making and problem-solving processes. * leading want to provide opportunities for ain development and calling satisfaction. * If the group must(prenominal)(prenominal)iness agree with a decision and is responsible for(p) for the outcome. * When the leader takes to use the skills and association of his squad in localize to come up with decision. * When the leader is new and wants to comport cultivation on his group.What ar the limits of the participative leaders style?* It is inefficient when it comes to hold upting quick results * It is inadequate in times of crisis* An employee very efficient prat be impatient waiting the opinion of the community to proceed, and in contrast evasive employees, who take not to be gnarled, whitethorn create problems. * Participative time consuming process of decision-making and today time is money Example The participative style of Steve JobsJobs believed in his employees creativity comes from spontaneous rivalings You lam into soulfulness, and ask what they argon doing, you say Wow, and soon you are cooking up all sorts of ideas. Steve Jobs infused apple employees a belief that they could accomplish anything, he enjoyed working with aggroups who imprecateed in themselves, who saw themselves as winners. He believed in teams collaboration. Moreover he commented that if a buildin g did not encourage innovation, you stick out the magic sparked by serendipity4. Laissez-faire/ relegation/ Free Rein/Hands polish off StylesStyle expositionLaissez-faire leaders allow next to lay d consume transact immunity to line decisions concerning the completion of their work. Team members control the day-to-day decisions and involve the leader when indispenscapable. It is key that the team regards when to lounge approximately the leader involved. It implores the leader to trust masses and their skills, and give the maximal isolateddom to team members. It allows following a gamy floor of autonomy and self-rule, while at the same time offering guidance and aliment when requested. The laissez-faire(prenominal)(prenominal) leader using guided bigdom provides the followers with all necessary materials to contact their aims, nevertheless does not participate in decision making directly unless the followers request. It is said that the Laissez-faire lead sty le, or we whitethorn call delegating/ supernumerary command/ glide bys off styles, may be the opera hat or the worst leading style.If the leader just simply follows the meaning of hands-off, doesnt involve participation or intervention at all, when he /she leads his or her followers, this style of leadership might become the worst. The two lyric laissez-faire and leadership are arbitrary direct opposites. The cut term laissez-faire was originally used relative to mer domiciliatetilism, and is outlined in economics and politics as an economic system that functions lift out when in that respect is no interference by government, and is considered a natural economic order that procures the maximal well-being for the separate and ex leads to the community. leadershiphip is delimitate as an interactive process that provides deficiencyed guidance and rush. leadinghip involves three interacting energising elements a leader, a follower(s) and a status. The leaders role is to influence and provide perpetration to his/her followers and provide them pick outed support for theirsand the transcriptions triumph.This surrender leadership style is based on the premise that the leader and the team put option up a rough-cut goal, entertain a taut and reliable consanguinity. Through the bare(a) leadership style, leaders show a high distrisolelyor point of trust and subscribe toing to the team members, including loyalty and professional skills. Thus, the earnestness for the work of the team members is stimulated, and the team potbelly work efficiently. Therefore, the primary factors that affects this leadership style, is the consanguinity between the team leader and members. When the team distri barelyes the same signal and the harshs direction, and the leader has full confidence in his/her own team members, it may be secure to the team members to live free rule to carry out the project and the free style of leadership roll in the hay b e possible to be applied from the base to the end. When the members and the leader do not take a crap a unified goal, or the team does not father a common direction or the same tar subscribe to r all(prenominal), the team members bunk out take receipts of this free style leadership for its own sake, harming the interests of the consentaneous team or making a violation of the leader.Because the free rein leadership style gives high phase of autonomy to the team members, and it is an expression of trust in the team members, including the af soakedation of loyalty, expertise and so on once the atmosphere of license is abject in the leading process, or the carnal knowledgeship between the leader and the team was broken, there pull up risks be conflicting, affecting freedom leadership style until the relationship is restored again. Therefore, the remnant penalty of the free style of the leadership, attention should be focused on that the goal is the same, as well as a c lose relationship with team members. suitable mathematical groupWhen the team is highly capable to poll de situation and have a clear idea of the situation to be taken in a particular situation. * For example, this style back tooth often be found in teams of professionals, such a team of doctors or engineers, as they form to achieve a goal or solve a problem. * When a close observe of a decision is not necessary. * When leaders have full confidence in team members. inapposite Group non suitable for employees with lower-skills and experience. Free members who are free to take their own decisions can want of motivation. Moreover, thereis no means to counteract if they do the even up thing, this can lead to vile productivity. Decisions can have prejudicial impact on the whole result. 5. mental leadership StyleStyle Description leading of this style occupy a special position in any group. A psychological leader gos group, encourages and supports his /her group members, and takes care of the emotional needs of group members. For example, in a sport team, when a member begins, the leader might ask, How do you inter channel overable to be supported? Would you like us to be verbal with our boost? Would you like us to be quietly attentive and add our ideas when asked? Or what? In this leadership style, the leaders institute the role of spiritual pillar. He/she is the team leader, team representatives, and eventide the role of technology source. They are supposed to be all-powerful, all- subsisting, invulnerable, incorruptible, indefatigable and fearless. The Leader is responsible for failure or success.He/she is the superman/superwomen or the guilty. If the President of the coupled State shows weakness, sickness or fear, the effect shows themselves soon in the stock grocery store, as well as in governmental cartoons and letters to newspaper editors. So the leaders need to have a high period of face-to-face charm and quality, attract team members to work near him. This leadership mode, the team leader is the charm of the team, the team members to be able to join the team under the team leadership to become the pride. Therefore, in this case, because of the charm of the leaders, the team was able to attract a large number of talents to enrich the teams strength. The team provide gradually grow under the leadership and guidance of the leader. In this team, the receptive force of the team depends completely on the person-to-person charm and in-person abilities of the team leader.The team leader is like a magician. He continues to attract the attention of the team members, and unites the team members closely. However, this model of leadership has such serious dependence on the leader that any wrong decision of the leaders will result in the break of the team direction. Moreover, the excessive authority of the leader also causes that no one can supervise or align the errors of the leader. Whats much, once the leader leave s the team, the total team will stage the situation of losing its pillar and vitality. For example, Steve Jobs for the apple team is not only an effective leader, however also a psychological leader. Early, Jobs personal yeasty spirit brought vitality to the whole team. Later, for the reasons of the Board, Steve Jobs left wing Apple. As a result, the Apple operate nosedived and even faced a closure. And then, Jobs was leased to Apple once again. Thanks to his leadership, i series products were veritable, and Apple came back to conduct. Since the death of Steve Jobs, Apple product ideas have been questioned, because Apple lost its original creativity and vitality. Suitable GroupWhen members are ready, this is the virtually effective leadership style. For example, when employees already know their weaknesses and hope to improve their performance, the employees are certified of the need to cultivate new capabilities for self-improvement. Unsuitable GroupWhen the team membe rs refuse to learn or refuse to change their work. As a matter of fact, this style of leadership has an influence on the mind of the team member. If the members are not ordain to possess inwardly, it is impossible to make the style of leadership work. 6. Situational leaders StylesStyle DescriptionThe situational leadership possibleness is developed by capital of Minnesota Hersey and Ken Blanchard. According to this theory, there is no single best style of leadership. impelling leadership is depute-relevant, and the close to no-hit leaders are those that conciliate their leadership style to the single, group or the situation. We can take some daily example to explain because we know some state are al ship look late, when we tell them the time to meet, we will make it earlier than others on the scratch day of a new colleague, we try not to get angry with him/her, especially he/she is nervous. The Hersey-Blanchard Situational leadership Model contains two fundamental purp oses leadership style and matureness level. Leadership styleAccording to this theory, the leadership style, or we can also call the way pattern, includes directive (task) behaviors and verificatory (relationship) behaviors. directing (task) behaviors lead members toachieve the goal in one-way communication, like a commandant of the group. utilise methods as below, 1. Provide direction guiding, pointing out the direction of the team motility 2. Setting targets & telling members how to achieve them 3. Using evaluation methods & time lines to back up members to get correct information 4. Defining roles, advance responsibilities to each group member verifying (relationship) behaviors help group members in bipartite communication, like a coach in the team, these behaviors may include 1. Asking for resources, purloin funds, gaining time for the group2. Solving Problems for the group, including proficient problems, social relation problems, etc. 3. support members, listenin g to their cerebrations, suffering attention to their emotions, boosting their moral. capital of Minnesota Hersey and Ken Blanchard classified all leadership styles into 4 behavior types, named S1 to S4 S1 Telling is characterized by one-way communication in which the leader defines the roles of the individual or group and provides the what, how, why, when and where to do the task S2 Selling while the leader is still providing the direction, he or she is now using two-way communication and providing the socio-emotional support that will allow the individual or group being influenced to buy into the processS3 Participating this is how shared out out out decision-making about aspects of how the task is accomplished and the leader is providing less task behaviors while maintaining high relationship behavior S4 Delegating the leader is still involved in decisions however, the process and obligation has been passed to the individual or group. The leader adheres involved to mon itor progress. Maturity LevelsAccording to the individuals or the group, the suitable leadership style is to be chosen. The Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership Theory identified quadruplet levels of Maturity M1 done M4M1 They still leave out the specific skills containd for the job in hand and are uneffective and indisposed to do or to take tariff for this job or task. M2 They are futile to take on responsibility for the task being done however, they are willing to work at the task. They are beginner yet enthusiastic. M3 They are experienced and able to do the task save overlook the confidence or the willingness to take on responsibility. M4 They areexperienced at the task, and snug with their own powerfulness to do it well. They are able and willing to not only do the task, but to take responsibility for the task. Developing mass and self-motivationA good leader develops the competence and commitment of their deal so theyre self- incited quite a than pendent on others for direction and guidance. (Hersey 91)6 According to Herseys the situational book,7 the leaders high, realistic chance causes high performance of followers the leaders low expectations lead to low performance of followers. According to Ken Blanchard, quad combinations of competence and commitment make up what we call development level. D1 employees are low in competence and high in commitment.D2 employees are described as having some competence but low commitment. D3 employees who have moderate to high competence but may overleap commitment. D4 employees are the highest in development, having both a high degree of competence and a high degree of commitment to getting the job done. Advantages of Situational Leadership1) The outstanding reli force. This model has been proved to be an effective method of leadership. Many efforts flow to use this theory to train leader. 2) The situational leadership theory can be astray applied. It is developed for all types of team. C ompared to other leadership styles, which focus only on a specific type of team, situational leadership theory has greater adaptability. 3) Situational leadership model is belatedly to grasp and fancy.On one hand, the opinion of situational leadership model is easy to consider, on the other hand, it can tell distinctly what to do and what not to do in various contexts. 4) Situational leadership model emphasizes the tractability of the leader. A thriving leader knows how to get hold their leadership characteristics according to the characteristics of the team, to enhance the teams dexterity. 5) Situational leadership model concerns not only about the leaders but also about the team members. The team members would be more confident and soothing in their work. Disadvantages of Situational Leadership1) In apply, it is not easy to classify the subordinates level. 2) How to match the f real style of situational leadership? Situational leadership model is just a general leader ship style type. How to operate in practice to achieve the goal, it has not been specifically defined. 3) It is not mentioned, how much the demographics will influence the coating of the assorted leadership styles. 4) Lack of support from the empirical analysis. So far there are just a a few(prenominal) surveys or researches done to justify the assumption. II/Leadership Styles in Managing transnational Teams planetary look atrs as a team leaders How to be a good Leader that is the question?A leader is not a friend, not a despot but a fair man and a fair business man. His work consists in managing worldwideistic teams, several(a) socializations and personal differences. He has to distinguish himself as a reference, because working groups need leaders. Moreover, in a whole interdependent business world, supranationalisation has imposed as a world-wide and required attitude and not only an economic reality any more. just there are polar styles of leadership strikein g the diversity of the world. That is why, a leader has to bring forth fundamental tools and establish a strong visual sense for successful leadership. He has to inspire, motivate and lead a whole team. And do not forget to adapt to unalike ideals to follow the same road map. It is an everyday-job. 1/ How are perceived exotic Leaders?First to underline a world(a) vision of Leadership, we need to know how are perceived foreign leaders in the several(a) countries? Is everyone has the ability to be a leader? Is there only a globose leader or a huge amount of domestic leaders? All these responses could help us to understand all the difficulty to be a leader and also the stake to be heathenishly savvy in order to manage an international team. Let us have a look on diametric domestic leaders* In Gallic enculturation A leader should be a strong authority figure with a high degree competence. * In cut coating The French follow a competent leader, the follow the highest positio n. The French handlers are integrated deep down an authority network, pyramid of oppositeiated power( ranked). * In German finale Germans wish competence rather than personality with both individual work and collective work. thence creativity and rational outlook are inbred for a career success virtuallyly in an entity organized as a network of individual. * In American stopping point Americans evolve in an autocratic system. They advocate worker participation in management decisions. * In Scandinavian culture They need a participative Leader, Mostly for communion data and information in spite of appearance the nerve. * In Japanese culture Japanese respect social positions, age and status. Indeed, Japan has a close proximity, and a culture built around the extended family (fundamental element of life in the Far East) with symbols as the village, the sift field and so on.They points out the accommodative ethos of the East. Eastern culture allows slew to play in any way that will benefit the team, encouraging the spirit and notice goals. Japan for model encourages innovation and opening move with a shared vision of the nation. intercourse and information sacramental manduction are cornerstones of the Japanese corporation done report for instance. * In British culture Instructions disguised as request with a comeliness attitude are pivotal qualities for Leaders (interpersonal and subjective view in an organization where there is a network of relationships and where things get done through influence). * In Spanish culture Courage and decisiveness with ability to solve issues are the best leaders requests. * In Italian culture individualised relationships are fundamental (family model), recognizing personal confidence of the owner. In addition, The West prefers a culture based on smaller units, further to think for them and to be self-sufficient, to encourage competition. These differences are reflected in the management practices. west erlys need for hierarchical organizations with ten-fold layers of management perpetuating feelings of exclusion, isolation and competition. Westerners assign people through positions and tell workers what they can or cannot do whereas they argue that group cohesion is crucial to productivity and their systems of punish are based on individual effort, and appraisal systems viewed with cynicism because they are fan out to favoritism. They are Individualists and for them competitive culture prevails. 2/ What are Leaders tasks and Attributes to manage an international team? A leader has moved his/her perceptions of the lame to win. He needs to know how to change in order to improve the efficiency of his/her team. And in the same time,leaders have to assess his/her followers perceptions of the supports boundaries, rules and definition of success, because conditions in the spheric market place are forcing reevaluating the meaning of teamwork, global partnership or even alliances.Tha t is why leaders have to take into direct the right signal. But how to read the right signals? Mis interlingual rendition the wrong signal, they could lose business opportunities. That is why Observing, Searching and underlying cross-functional, cross- heathen issues in multinationals teams help improve team efficiency. sometimes it requires other supernumerary qualities* Flexibility* adept of humor* Patience* Sensitivity* magnate to check assumptions* Willingness to listen to others* Curiosity* obedience for difference* Trust in the ability of effective teams to outperform individuals It is more or less difficult according to leaders origins. Indeed for Americans it is in reality difficult, because they have assorted professional outlooks and compasss. And personal leading qualities are innate or acquired, sometimes, imposing to pay a role in order to achieve key requirements. Exposure to other countries can just as corporeally reinforce ethnocentrism as counteract it. I nternational tutors can learn galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) of the skills they need, which are the following and adopt key behaviors a) Applying good judgmentIt is about becoming aware of diverse assumptions, spelling them out and checking to suss out if others share them. That is to say learn to confront without alienating, clarify without prejudging, give and receive feedback without being defensive, centralize information, belief, feel, perceptions and channel it. Moreover it requires checking behaviors and covering example, because Leaders have to be models. b) fellowship cross- pagan cuesIt depends on high context gestures, facial expressions, tone of voice, nonverbal cues. It implies do cornerstonework on the culture in advance (dos and taboos), be prepared spend hours in polite conversation before getting down to business in Japan or Mexico. Indeed, that knowledge on contrastive cultures is a bonus to gain on. Understand the difference between personal or et hnic orders, norms to adapt for Multinationals negotiations which differs according each corporate culture and history. Multinationals leaders have to develop ambiguity managing training courses and experience to be the most conciliatory as possible.They need to use their acquaintance and rationality to separate personal biases from presumable facts. c) Finding a guide not to be manipulated but well-oriented A guide is a model figure that is followed. A Leader needs to be a guide and to the fit the corporation culture. It also infers sometimes becoming coaches or mentors, but not friends. Indeed a lack of proximity could reach a lack of efficiency and rigor. d) Reflecting as well as actingThe international team leader has to be a model and act as one. Because of difference in players and game strategies they must make time to reflect as well as to act because they want long-run results. Moreover the salmagundi of personnel is becoming progressively international that is why t hey need to create an surround that rewards openness, frankness, engagement and teamwork. Do either matched or group dissertateions to be more productive and have more originative results.The international team leader must decide when to use groups, how to compose them and how to unionize contacts so that power plays are controlled and personalities proportiond. Adapting and changing, if necessary, from one-to-one management to an effective orientation in the global market place. HR staffs must build up their expertise to meet teamwork challenge. e) Modeling the processTeamwork begins at home. Leaders first examine their own inborn capabilities and then buy or Make a flexible winding cross-culturally competent team of professionals. f) Selecting the right peopleThrough a set of international assignment criteria tailored to specificculture helps ensure success abroad, developing company-specific and country-specific personal profiles. g) Considering with shareholdersCommon de cisions on the best objectives and elements for international benignant resources have to support plan through code signing. h) Training adaptionWith package courses leaders have to make sure people discuss their perceptions on what they existently see. Build the idea of differences because of gender, culture, organizations, age, personal learning styles. Indeed, when people work in groups, they need to make sure members are from a soma of backgrounds in order to cultivate diversity to teach people how to act and react without forgetting developing working rules that will allow each people equal air time. Furthermore, they have to encourage international motorbuss to bring in actual team problems for discussion, role playing and blame is substantial.Teamwork must be a crusade value within the company and be appropriately rewarded. And HR Staff should develop an internal communication network, so that each employee is aware of how different teams work, what they accomplish and what knowledge and expertise they can share. Means as proper selection, training, support and incentives will get international teams outperform individuals. But how can we recognize the leader in any case?There is a operable test take the right to apply sanctions, reward, put his/her veto, overriding individuals decisions about corporation organize. i) Leaders Tasks (ability required)* modify Leaders have to resolve value conflicts among his/her followers. * Link action to vision Leaders need to clarify and explain shared goals versus actions required in order to put a strategic and co-working framework. * Be different Leaders must distinguish himself/herself from his/her followers (authority, hierarchy framework). They need to think to the answer of the following question How do you see you leader? Indeed, followers need believe in a winner, sometimes without any sympathy synonymous with expertise and success managing multinational teams.We can emphasize that leaders distingu ish themselves with the following drivers equilibrise between firmness and severity *expertness depending on experience, knowledge and arrangement of the world. * own(prenominal) qualities energy, persistence, memory and sharpness. * Track account book outgoing performance, reputation and ability to dealing with a situation nobody had faced before. * batch Traduce the corporate strategy broadcast the road map of the group compound followers through his/her presence. That is to say put image on action, identifying key common values and beliefs in order to the whole team can fell involved in. Inspire that vision giving an individualism of each one linking through staff loyalty, implying the same aspirations. The leaders vision need to be promoted throughout the organization and sustained thanks to every-day actions, with change if required. ** shake off a vision learn to over measuring a vision to people, your team can follow * evanesce it* Believe it* detect it* Model it * Be passionate impatience is contagious take your passion and make it happen * Be a great decision maker be quick, committed, analytic and thoughtful. * Be a team constructor let one of your team members to take responsibilities, dont micromanage and make you lendable if questions arise. * Be a life-long learner the world is changing and new resources become for sale every day. Leader must be aware of new technologies and to share it with your staff. * Communicate cl too soon remember you have diverse listeners, make sure you tell everyone in the same way, the same message. * Give an expect respect to earn respect, give it, and get it. * Be knowledgeable leaders must be aware of everyday changes in business and discuss about it within the team, answer to up-to-day questions/concerns. * Be organized in order your staff be. Be exemplary.* Be domineering think supreme to motivate and work in a supreme and efficient way. ConclusionTo sum up, we have defined a leadership profile . Leaders are individuals who help create options and opportunities. They help identify choices and solve problems. Leaders build commitment and coalitions.They do this by excite others and working with them to construct a shared vision of the possibilities and promise of a better group, organization, or community. Leaders engage followers in such a way that many followers become leaders in their own right. The varied demands of an increasingly complex world often require that leadership be shared by many of the members of a group, in ways appropriate for different situations. Be Aware, Be different leash/ Intercultural management ahead(p) an international team The last half(a) century has seen enormous change impacting the way we work. The world is shrinking with advances in information technology playing a crucial role in facilitating the global expanding upon of organizations. International teams are now a common phenomenon with many large organizations structuring their manp ower according to function rather than geography. winning organizations do not hesitate to move their talents around the world to ensure that they have the right skills and knowledge in the right location when necessary. But what does it take to manage such a culturally diversify and geographicly scatter team? What is an international team?The increase both in organizational global mobility and in individual migration means that, most large organizations now employ a multicultural workforce. It is not unusual to find traditional teams do up of members from a number of different countries. These team members work for the same organization and may share the same profession, but the fact that they do not share the same cultural background provides them with a different view of the world. As a result, they think and behave differently to each other.Virtual teams are also on the rise as international organizations caress new technologies to change geographically dispersed teams to work together cost-effectively and efficiently. This virtual and hostile working of members from different cultures and crosswise different time zones doesnt come without challenges. pagan generalizationsIt would be wrong to suggest that team members from one specific cultural background forever and a day behave in the same way. Of course, personality, upbringing, preceding experiences and a host of other factors all impact their behaviors. Any team bringing different personalities and experiencestogether can face frustrations and challenges. However, researches have shown that values and attitudes tend to differ according to ones cultural background resulting in different work practices and behaviors. * Do team members prefer to work on individual projects or pool their ideas and resources? * Is it acceptable to show emotion during conflict?* Should they be expected to wait late or take work home in order to elaboration a project? * Is it ok to oppose a encounter to take an essential phone call? Members of different cultural groups will answer these and other questions differently. schoolman researchers such as Geert Hofstede and Fons Trompenaars have shown that cultural behaviors vary according to a series of dimensions on which we can place the countries of our colleagues. bring up cultural dimensions include* Hierarchy vs. egalitarianism* Groups vs. individuals* Relationship vs. task* Open vs. apart(p) displays of emotion* Degree of comfort with scruple and take a chance* Work/life counterweight* Attitudes to time and space* Attitudes to nature and the environmentUnderstanding that individuals belonging to different cultural groups have varying attitudes to these dimensions can help us understand how and why our colleagues and team members sometimes do things differently. For example, a team member from a hierarchical culture such as India tends to be more deferent to their manager and expects approval for each piece of work before pitiabl e on to the next stage. Conversely, team members from more egalitarian cultures such as Australia or the USA are usually much more thriving working autonomously. way versus LeadershipThe purpose of management is to make people effective, motivate them, operate and reveal a strategic process. It is the hardest Whilst Leadership is backdrop a new direction the entity will follow. Leaders are spearheads. Leadership complements management. But both deal with human aspects thatrequire self-awareness, to understand differences, accept and value them. This is a sum up of each ones responsibilitiesLeaders tell apartrs* Cope with change * Set a new direction of that change * Align people * impress people by satisfying fundamentals (human needs) * Cope with complexity * Develop capacity to achieve its plans by organizing and staffing * Enquires controlling and problem solving * Budget and plan principal international teams a ball-shaped LeaderDefinition proposed by Mendenhall and al i n 2008 orbicular leaders are individuals who effect significant positive change in organizations by building communities through the development of trust and the arrangement of organizational structures and processes in a context involving multiple cross-boundary stakeholders, multiple sources of external cross-boundary authority, and multiple cultures under conditions of temporal, geographical and cultural complexity. Managers of international teams need to take time to improve their own global cultural knowledge and esthesia in order to understand the different expectations, priorities and behaviors of their team members. Intercultural training and/or coaching can help managers to develop the knowledge, skills and strategies to manage an international team more effectively. winning the time to learn about other cultures and becoming more culturally unmatched is invaluable for anyone new to managing an international team. The real challenge is to pre-empt challenges and frustrat ions that may arise in an international team and to harness the positives in order to create synergy from the culturally diverse team members. Managers may need to adapt their usual leadership style to maximize the potential of an international team. What has been successful with domestic teams may not always work as well with an international team. Planning, scheduling, trust criteria, expectations of delegation, feedback and regularity of contact will be viewed differently according to the culture of the individual. Good international managers need to adapt their style to take these differences into account. Managers also need to consider different ways of making team members feel valued as an important part of the team. For some cultures being valued as a person is not soimportant as long as their work is respected. otherwise cultures are more holistic they want to be liked by their manager and appreciated as a person and want to receive credit for the tasks they complete.So spe nding time getting to know team members is requirement in the early stages in order to understand the skills and knowledge each individual brings to the team and how to bring out the best in each of them. When the manager form an international team, he needs to be clear and expressed and always uses documents ground rules and processes with input from all the team players to avoid ambiguity at a later stage. Good relationships between the team leader and members are essential but not enough on their own. Team members also need to get on well with each other, even if the team is geographically dispersed. Providing opportunities for team members to share knowledge and experience whether through familiar forums or more formal meetings, team building events or training programs will allow the team to build vibrancy and trust, making it easier to work effectively as a unit.To finish, Global Leadership differs from home(prenominal) Leadership. Indeed Domestic leadership lacks of co nnectedness. A global leader implies a global s roll in the hay with a management perception, a relationship management and a self-management. It requires cultural sensitivity. A leader has to create relationship, hit the bottom line and merge a common vision and common goals. Global Leadership versus Domestic LeadershipThe increase of competent global leaders has become a key success factors in International Companies. Indeed, implement global strategies keeps on developing the number of constraints. Global talent leads to Global leaders and require understanding differences between global and domestic leadership stakes. Global leaders are characteristic in their scope, their mindset moreover they need to be culturally aware. The difference between global and domestic leadership infers additional complexity. In other words, Global Leaders need to cope with * Multiplicity of issues across a range of diverse dimensions, for instance with different customers, legal procedures, regula tion and competitors. * interdependency among lots of stakeholders from different culture, countries that is to say with different polices, economies and environmental systems. * Ambiguity in interpreting relationships, cues and signals at the appropriate situation. * Flows in harm of transactions, manduction information, values patterns and the last but not the least the organization structure. Ghemawat (2008), a Harvard Professor emphasizes the challenges of global operations think with the complexity of operating abroad. He tell 4 difficulties * Cultural issues as language customs, religion and ethnicities. * Administrative and political issues as laws, trading blocs or currencies. * Geographical issues as physical distances, time zones.* Economic issues as income levels, cost of natural and human resources, radix or information. But Caliguiri, an expert in careers recognized in the Business area, in 2006 claimed the experience sexual climax according to that global leaders distinguish through their researches and his or her definition of what leaders do through their tasks and positions. It is a ground approach, much more every day practical. He highlighted the following stakes to be a global leader* Work with colleagues from other countries* interact with external clients from other Countries* Interact with internal clients from other countries* Sometimes communicate using a second language* Manage and motivate geographically dispersed and diverse employees and teams * Develop strategic business plans on a worldwide foundation garment* Manage a budget on a worldwide basis* Negotiate in other countries or with people of different nationalities * Manage foreign suppliers and vendors* Manage gamble on a worldwide basisTo conclude those leaderships skills need to be assess to improve and develop talent and management processes. Because develop smart people and effective global leadership is definitively a competitive advantage for multinational compa nies. distinguishable communication stylesGood team work is all about good communication. Even in a monocultural team, frustrations can occur all too good when messages are misinterpreted and communication breaks down. Individuals from different cultural backgrounds usually favor different communication styles varying in terms of directness,formality, and use of silence, non-verbal signals and the levels of information shared. A useful concept is Edward T. Halls high and low context, which illustrates how relationships impact communication and the balance between verbal and non-verbal communication. A high context communicator will have a more indirect, implicit style and will rely more on the shared knowledge and experience than a low context communicator. It is easy to predict a low context team members frustrations with a colleague who seems unable to get to the point and tell it like it is.Asian cultures tend to be much more comfortable with silence rather than Western culture s in which it is more common to fill silences or sometimes to even talk over the person who is already talking. How does this impact an international team meeting and what can the team manager do to ensure that everyones opinion is perceive? A clear agenda and meeting protocols are essential and the team manager needs to have the skills and awareness to interpret individual reactions and to guide the discussion to enable everyone to contribute. It is really important asking for individual updates or switching roles at each meeting so that different people lead or take the transactions are mere(a) ways of ensuring that all voices are heard. Coping with conflict successful international teams need to be comfortable with conflict and ready to resolve any disputes quickly. Cultural groups that place more magnificence on the group than on the individual are usually less comfortable with conflict as they value harmony and saving face. This is in contrast to those from individualist c ultures who focus more on task than relationship and are usually open in expressing any disagreement.They dont view disputes as personal but simply as something to be settle in order to get the best results for the project or task. Example French colleague who seemed to be extremely critical of his colleagues presentation but then gave very good feedback to his manager later onwards. He was challenging his colleague to strain his thinking and to explore other options and possibilities but this didnt mean he thought it was a bad presentation.For a Western manager working with Asian team members it is important to allow them the luck to discuss any areas of conflict individually rather than in front of the team as this would potentially cause them to lose face orinduce others to lose face. So, the way leaders manage international teams, cope with conflict, organize and orchestrate team can depend on the organization of the firm and its cultural origin. Moreover, we can distinguish the even Leadership (Obama) and the Vertical Leadership (Sarkozy). naiant Leadership Vertical Leadership* class-conscious organization * Mechanistic * Controlling resources * compass of command * Span of control * companionship is power * Flat organization * perfect * Sharing resources * Coordinating * Unlocking potential * friendship creation ConclusionNow more than ever, there is a great opportunity for international collaboration through international teams. Whether its a single project or a long-term assignment, by taking a proactive approach to recognize the potential challenges of international teams, organizations can reap the benefits and create an international structure that ensures that their top talents are utilized to the best of their abilities and efficiency. International team leaders need to step back from usual assumptions and methods and put themselves in the shoes of their colleagues from other cultures. Re-evaluating what has worked well in the past, taki ng time to understand the preferences of each team member and determination common ground for all, will help to form a united and effective international team. Be a global leader, manage an international team is definitively an every-day job dealing with the hardest human factors.ConclusionSo, we have seen how important the leadership in the actual world is. No matter what is its form, its generally a real pro for a team. Managing an international team is a hard task that leadership can simplify. Its necessary to understand that Leadership styles management are listed and defined, but its complicated to give advice about how leading because the person you are in relation with will impact a lot your leadership style. It will sometimes be more efficient to be autocratic whereas it was useless in a previous similar situation.The leader, to be the best as possible needto be a good manager and also incorporate all the different leadership styles in order to take the best from each one. Even if its pretty idealistic, this is the advice we would give in order to be a good manager. But is a good leader enough to manage an entire company?Tables des MatiresThe only definition of a leader is someone who has followers1I/ Leadership styles2II/Leadership Styles in Managing International Teams International Managers as a team leaders121/ How are perceived Foreign Leaders?122/ What are Leaders tasks and Attributes to manage an international team?13a)Applying good judgment14b)Reading cross-cultural cues14c)Finding a guide not to be manipulated but well-oriented15d)Reflecting as well as acting15e)Modeling the process15f)Selecting the right people15g)Considering with shareholders16h)Training modifications16i)Leaders Tasks (ability required)16Conclusion18III/ Intercultural management Leading an international team18What is an international team?18Cultural generalizations19 focussing versus Leadership20Leading international teams a Global Leader20Global Leadership versus Domestic Leadership22Different communication styles23Coping with conflict24Conclusion25Bibliography, Videos sources and Study incident27Bibliography, Videos sources and Study Casehttp//www.youtube.com/ view?v=Y47qRvPHoVUhttp//www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPfRKu05bkQ& lark about=related http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=ptKNVsf7b9Y& sustain=related http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=FCtfV8tsphohttp//www.communicaid.com/cross-cultural-training/culture-for-business-and-management/leading-across-cultures/index.php http//www.ehow.com/info_8210591_cross-cultural-leadership-styles.html http//www.legacee.com/ selective information/Leadership/LeadershipStyles.html Hersey, P. and Blanchard, K. H.. Management of Organizational behavior 3rd Edition Utilizing Human Resources. stark naked Jersey/Prentice Hall, 1977 Blanchard, Kenneth H., Patricia Zigarmi, and Drea Zigarmi. Leadership and the iodine Minute Manager Increasing force through Situational Leadership. New York Morrow, 1985 Ronald Goodnight. Encyclopedia of leadership Laissez-faire Leadership. Sage Publication, 2004Study Case Richard Branson Basic Example for Leadership1. How it all beganSir Richard Branson is one of the worlds most eminent, creative, innovative and highly successful entrepreneurs of all time with a net worth(predicate) of over $4.2 billion. world the very effigy of a true business leader, he has gone through numerous difficulties to be able to found the staring(a) Group, establishing a rum approach to leadership, which has attracted quite many followers all over the world. He has proved himself as the master of ensuant entrepreneurship, perfecting his one of a kind leadership style over the years. Born in 1950 and educated in Stowe in the unite Kingdom, Richard Bransons first business hazard was setting up a savant Magazine at the age of sixteen.This was initiated after his final decision to drop out of school, most probably due to the hardships he had faced in his earlier childhood, caused by his having been diagnosed with dyslexia. However, despite Bransons poor donnish performance, in 1970 he founded new as a mail order record retailer, which later turned into one of the most well-known brands in the world. During the following years, new Records was established, which signed such prominent artists as Mike Oldfield, the Sex Pistols, the Rolling Stones, etc. The Virgin brand continued to grow during the next decades as Branson spread out his first step by founding theVirgin Atlantic Airways, and also starting a Virgin record label in America.With around 200 companies in over 30 countries, the Virgin Group has now expanded into leisure, travel, tourism, mobile, broadband, TV, radio, music festivals, finance and health and through Virgin Green Fund his company is now investing in renewable energy and resource efficiency. Moreover, in 2005, the Virgin Galactic, a space tourism company, came into existence, where the intention is to eventually reach orbital trips around the glob e as well as go to the Moon. Branson has been named a transformational leader in the field of management, with his maverick strategies and his stress on the Virgin Group as an organisation driven on informality and information, one that is bottom-heavy rather than strangled by top-level management.2. The unique personality behind the face of Richard Branson Being a great leader is not an easy task to be achieved, and there is a reliable set of personal characteristics, which are intrinsic to Richard Branson himself and make him the unique entrepreneur he is. Firstly, passion is of essential priority for the successful fulfillment of various tasks. It is the quality, which gives you the stimulus to further improve the performance of your company and develop your business ideas. Hence, Branson should by all odds be considered a real passionate leader due to his incessant stress for perfection and sincere commitment to bring to peoples welfare.On the Virgin Groups corporate website it is mentioned that the company is giving birth to other firms as well as holding their hand through their development, as this pinpoints the exceptional supportive attitude of the company towards its staff. Secondly, the next personal characteristic of paramount importance happens to be courage in the form of having the gritstone to take risks and initiatives. One emblematic decision of Branson to switch bank due to poor support and advice for Virginia records led to the companys ultimate survival.Additionally, there are many examples of Branson, jumping into different infers such as is the case with the space tourism-related Virgin Galactic. This enterprise was extremely risky and brave, yet very profitable as well. Despite the substantial un truety involved, Branson has showed several times he is excellent in risk management as well. When starting a new venture, he usually shares the risk with other investors, but also makes sure the risk is minimized doe eachparty. Thirdly , creativity along with having knowledge of the business you are in is a combination of personal features, which are fundamental in being a great leader. There is no denying Richard Bransons extraordinary creativity, given the variety of industries his businesses operate in. From airlines to record labels, he has managed to build a steady empire. What is more, he has a profound knowledge of not only the business he runs, but the existent competition as well, which has led to a constant increase in the companys profits.Fourthly, in spite of having insight into different situations, it is also very important to be frankly motivated to do the right thing. Branson has shown the world his open and kind nature to create something he is majestic of. Actually, he mentions this as his underlying philosophical system of business to do something for the sake of improving other peoples lives, not merely making money. another(prenominal) positive feature of his adaptability has also helped him in achieving this task, as he is now engaged in numerous environmental initiatives and research. 3. Bransons leadership styleManagement is about doing things right, leadership is about doing the right thing, says Peter Drucker. Sir Richard Branson has developed his outstanding leadership style through the years and has proved it actually kit and boodle. It can be best described as participative leadership. He makes sure to involve his subordinates as well as other stakeholders in the decision-making process in order to be able to extract various creative opinions, which would aid to the flourishing of the business. Branson himself outlines that one cannot be a good leader unless he genuinely likes people. As a result of this, his leadership style is based on a few very simple and down-to earth rules, and namely * Smile. Everything gets much easier if you show a friendly face. * Have fun at work.* Believe in your ideas, employees and colleagues.As we can see, Branson puts a ser ious fierceness on human resource management. He strives to find people, who have innovative ideas and are determined to give 100% to achieve their goals. He insists that all of his employees should be company-oriented, sharing common values, co-operating with one another in their work to beat up competition. Consequently, the humanresource management system is built, so that the staff is constantly motivated and encourage to improve his/her performance, being given certain benefits such as bonuses, profit sharing or any kinds of promotion available. 4. Bransons leadership qualitiesA magnificent businessman, an inquiring person, a truly caring human being, Sir Richard Branson possesses a set of leadership qualities, which only few entrepreneurs in the world have. It is his leadership abilities which make him stand out and have helped him build his empire of businesses. I shall mention the quintessential ones in order to take apart his image much better. First of all, Branson cla ims he has learnt his management skills through trial and error since founding his first business when he was sixteen. Nowadays, his main efforts are concentrated into achieving an effective time management. He divides his days evenly between trouble shooting, new projects and promoting his businesses. He is regarded as a genius at handling and preparing PR activities and is never panicked of being in the limelight. Next, another skill of his is the ability to delegate work to his co-workers and management staff, leaving them to get a stake in the business and try to develop it as much as they can. He surely spends a great deal of time to build a certain business, but he also wants to upraise such people, who would be able to run it without him, thus taking a step back.Moreover, Richard Branson is famous for his belief that if one looks for the best, he will get the best. He is really precise when it comes to hiring potential employees. After a thorough selection has been conduct ed, he gets them to stay in the company regardless of the mistakes they may make. He is more likely to bring specific people into another venture where the person is more likely to perform well according to his/her capabilities, than just apprize them. With his likeable personality and professional leadership style, Sir Richard captures everybodys attention with his openness to people and devotion to their well-being. He considers failure as an unfortunate occurrence when leaders avoid the reality of business. What is one of his guiding principles is that one has to trust the people with whom he works and learn from their mistakes. Blame, bitter accusations and recriminations are pointless. Another leadership quality to be highlighted is Bransons striving to build tight interaction between managers and employees.Heencourages his staff to indite to him with whatever suggestions they come up with, which would be of benefit to the future success of the company. He assumes that motiv ational strategies extend to innovative ideas, so he tries to listen to as many propositions as possible and offer his professional feedback. The development of a bond with his team is an essential part of his everyday work. quest this feature, Sir Richard also gives his all to inspire people to think as if they were entrepreneurs themselves, and to treat them as adults. He believes that in order to make workers perform better, they should be given more responsibilities, which inevitably activates their self-conscience. Last but not least, one of Bransons main positive leadership characteristics is that he sees no one way to run a successful business, because what works well today, may not work at all tomorrow. This adds up to the point of trial and error mentioned above. Branson considers there are no strict rules to be followed just do what you believe is the best for you. When one makes a mistake, he stands up and learns how to avoid it in the future. He wittily mentions that t his is the recipe for success and above that it deprives one from the unpleasant want to scream at the sight of a bullet points list.