The Trauma Informed Skill At Hamilton Center - 2109 Words

Trauma Informed Mastery The Trauma Informed Mastery activities were helpful throughout the semester working with my clients at Hamilton Center. I utilized the activities that my supervisor and I discussed were most beneficial towards the client population I was counseling at the time. Many of my clients suffer from PTSD, Substance Use disorders, or other mood disorders. The majority of my clients are also middle aged men who politely refused any yoga activities. One client heard the choice, looked around my small office and shook his head grinning. Client #1 My first client presented with PTSD from childhood that had led him down a troubled path causing him great stress and anxiety. The client discussed how he was involved in legal†¦show more content†¦In the prior session, the client detailed his family relationships, legal issues, and discussed how his father played a â€Å"role† in his life. The activity was selected as a way to get the client to think about someone important in his life and then later process the information. The client was to listen to my prompt and imagine opening an envelope with a letter inside. He would open the envelope, read the letter and visualize the letter for a few moments. After reading the letter he was instructed to explain who the letter was from and what the letter said. I originally planned this activity thinking that the client would visualize his father writing him a letter but, I was mistaken. When I processed the activity, the client discussed how his mother wrote the l etter and told him to â€Å"behave and stay out of trouble.† His mother has been a guiding force for the client throughout his life and the client felt guilty that she was suffering with cancer while he was locked up for many years. The client, to this day, cannot visit her until his charges are settled or dropped. Utilizing this activity was a quick and easy way to assess where the client’s thought process was during our session. I was able to gather more data about his family life and later connect it to his PTSD diagnosis. I consider this activity a success because I was able to obtain more and better data about the client’s life and his current thoughts and emotions regarding his

Essay on Analysis of Self-Sacrifice in Part One, Chapter...

Crime and Punishment, written by Fyodor Dostoyevsky, establishes his motifs through the use of. This novel reinstates the motif of self-sacrifice into different characters that interact with the main character, Raskolnikov. Although the largest case of self-sacrifice lies in the character of Sonya which is not thoroughly discussed in Chapter III and IV of Part One, pages 35 to 64 contributes the largest variety of self-sacrifice that is found within Crime and Punishment. Here, self-sacrifice comes in three different forms: the sacrifice of ones own body, the sacrifice of someone you love, and the sacrifice for someone you love. The slight contrast between the three situations allow for a greater understanding of this motif. In Crime and†¦show more content†¦During the 1800s, in which this story takes context and now, it is unlikely that a young girl would willingly give up her body without a cause. The choice of going into prostitution often involves a financial situation, s imilar to the situations of Sonya and Dunya. Sonya devotes all her time to her family and prostitutes herself in order to keep her family alive, despite her father’s alcoholic problems. While Dunya is not an example of an extreme self-sacrifice in comparison to Sonya, she depicts a lesser sacrifice in order to sustain her brother, Raskolnikov. These women and girls are now socialized into an ethos of self-sacrifice. Alexandrovna Raskolnikov’s devotion to her son enables her to sacrifice her daughter’s happiness. Her devotion is to the extent that she is ready to condone her daughter’s self-sacrifice for his benefit. The fact that she willingly gave away Dunya’s hand in marriage to a man whose decision marry her is based on the need to feel that someone is indebted to him is ridiculous. Even though she is aware that Luzhin agreed to marry Dunya because â€Å"†¦he had decided to marry an honest girl, but one without dowry, and she must be the kind of girl who already knew what poverty was like†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (45). It is also comparable to say that Luzhin wants to become an ubermensch in a smaller sense, a person with great powers and abilities, as he believes that â€Å"a husband must in no way be beholdenShow MoreRelatedDeposit Mobilization of Commercial Banks in the Context of Nepal1709 Words   |  7 PagesBackground Capital formation is one of the important factors leads to increase in the size of national output income and employment, solving the problem of inflation and balance of payment and foreign debts. Domestic capital formation helps in making a country self sustainable. According to classical economist, one of the main factors which helped capital formation was the accumulation of capital. 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Human Resource Management National Centre for Vocational Education Re

Question: Discuss about the Human Resource Management of National Centre for Vocational Education Research. Answer: Introduction: It has been observed many emerging Australian companies lag behind in terms of training and development when compared to the Asian and European markets. However it is necessary for the aspiring companies to meet the technological innovations and global competition of the present market. Many companies have observed the need for training for the purpose of employee development. Continuous learning enables an employee to understand the relationship between their job role and companys mission. In order to recommend suitable learning techniques to be used in a specific organizational context one needs to have a clear understanding of the types of activities which are not only measurable but facilitates learning process and organizational characteristics that influence the participants in the training program. The various development activities have a direct impact on the cognitive, skill-based and affective learning outcomes. The empirical literature supporting the various training progr ams related to planning, methods of delivery, identification of the participants and required resources shows the linkage between learning processes and outcomes. To have a better understanding of the employee development it is essential to differentiate employee development from training by validating the development activity and application of the various development practices to practical situations in an organization. According to various theories, training deals with planning and facilitating the learning process of a specific knowledge whereas a developmental activity takes into consideration several other dimensions. A development process may be an outcome of the job experiences, changing job roles or through participation in various extra-curricular activities (Billett et al., 2015) Organization Description The organization selected for the purpose of development of training and development of program is Langham group of hotels and resorts located in Southbank, Melbourne. The Langham hotels international is often known as Europes first grand Hotel. At present it is situated in four different continents with its headquarters situated at Hong Kong. The Langham, Melbourne has a capacity of 388 guestrooms and suites. Apart from accommodation facilities for the guests, the hotel specializes in providing dining, spa, health club and ballrooms for events. (www.langhamhotels.com", 2016) Importance of training program According to Chen, (2013), the demand for a hospitality industry is dynamic in nature. The satisfaction level is not only dependent on the land area and facilities but service level has a crucial impact on building a reputation and goodwill of such an industry. The importance of training program lies in providing a state of art service to the guests through the development process in various dimensions. The training program is a guest centric program which reflects the values of Langham and linking of the vision, corporate strategies and commitments of the organization. Training programs are often influenced by the assessment of the needs due to customer complaints and making effort to rectify the same. Training program is mostly needed for the new recruits for guiding them to the right path from the very first day of employment. It is also directly related to understand the need and variability in services during seasonal fluctuations. A well trained employee can demonstrate right approach for such volatile demand in the industry. The training program enables the employees to perform situational analysis in critical times for a superior approach to a problem (Ubeda-Garca et al., 2013). The hotel industry needs personnels who are continuously learning and upgrading themselves in accordance to the technological developments, innovations and service approach in this particular field. The competition among the tourist hotels in Australia is prevalent due to increasing number of tourists every year. It is believed that satisfaction of the colleagues has a direct impact on the service factor. Thus the training program not only aims at achieving superior service of the guests but equally recognizes the need for employee satisfaction for a holistic development. (Pan, 2015). Participants The training is set up as per in-house facilities, the participants involved in the training program includes the human resource manager, workers with experience of more than 10 years in the relevant industry and various other top personnels of the hotel. The training program is mainly focused on the new entrants of the hospitality industry. The participants may have prior experience in relevant field of service or fresher from different management schools with a specialization in hotel management. The new recruits need to be instructed with the standard operating methods relevant to their job profile. The job training for new employees typically focuses on the companys vision and a continuous training program can significantly contribute to the advancement of Langham hotels. Providing training to the new recruits often inspires them to deliver more output than what is generally expected at an initial level. The training program comprises a trickled down effect, which means newer col leagues learn from the well-trained experienced workers of the company. On the other hand the well-trained employees may be able to learn various perspectives of services from the newly joined employees from different management schools. In this way the process is a mutual benefit for both the participants and the experienced workers of the hotel. The training program is beneficial for both the participants and organization as it includes both cognitive and interpersonal skills and psychomotor skills related to performing tasks in a hotel industry. In various qualitative studies of Asian countries it has been observed that on job training and in-house training often leads to greater innovation and tacit skills (Horng Lin 2013) Program plan The Langham Hotel has a pre-existing program for learning and development known as First60 certification program. This program is conducted during the first 60 days of joining the Langham family. The systematic training program helps the new entrants to understand the culture, acquire knowledge about the product, processes, standards and being accustomed to the customer services with the help of this training course. The various learning aspects of this program have been shown below: Highlights of first60 training program Source: (www.langhamhotels.com", 2016) Learning theories According to Horng Lin (2013) the several learning theories relates to the different aspects of the learning process, many theorists relate to trainees motivation in the developmental process. The learning theories choosed for the purpose of study are explained below as follows: Reinforcement theory According to this theory people are motivated to avoid or follow specific behavior which is directly related to the past outcomes that have influenced the present behavior. From the training perspective, the trainers need to identify the factors as the learner finds most positive and negative. Trainers need to relate these factors when learners are acquiring a particular skill, knowledge or changing behavior. The schedule during process of job reinforcement has been shown below with the diagram. Schedules of job reinforcement Source: (Bratton Gold, 2012) Social learning theory The social learning theory is the process by which people learn by observing other people whom they trust and believe to be knowledgeable. Social learning theory is an outcome of directly experiencing of a particular behavior or the process serving the consequence in perspective of others behavior. The social learning theory also comprises of four processes which includes attention, motivational processes, retention, and motor reproduction. The attention suggests the learner must possess the required skill or behavior that they desire to observe. The retention skill is associated to recall the appropriate situation. The process of recalling behavior can be coded as visual images or verbal statements. The training method of this skill is particularly useful in hospitality industry such as Langham group as the trainer provides a rationale for individual key behavior (Akers Jennings, 2015) The process of motor reproduction is the demonstration of the observed behavior to check the validity of the result. Processes of social learning theory Source: (Schwarzer, 2014) Methods of delivery The process of delivery and recording the responses may be done on the basis of interview method, PowerPoint presentation, role plays, case study and in-house management games which are relevant to the learning theories as discussed before. The various examples which can be used to implement the theories in the training process are shown below as follows: Reinforcement learning theory and practice The method of delivery of the reinforcement learning process involves the following procedure. Employees can be tested on the basis of various situational analysis. For example if a particular employee is able to deliver a better service as bartender than a chef, then the trainer needs to identify the positive behavior and ignore the negatives. Another example which can be used in Langham Hotel is by eliminating unsafe practices in workplace. A slide show presentation may be demonstrated showing the various unsafe and safe practices in the bakery facility of the hotel. Safe practices like climbing over conveyor belts instead of walking around and them using an equipment to dislodge a jammed machine rather than using bare hands. After presenting all the slides the final slide may include the outcomes of safe practices. The employees may be encouraged to see the positive outcomes of safe practices and follow the same. This will not only increase the security of the employees but also r educe various cost and risk in the hotels bakery facility (Xu Shi, 2014). Social learning theory and practice The trainees are presented with a video in which a manager is unable to get his ideas accepted by his subordinates and it clearly shows that the subordinates are dissatisfied with the managers ideas. The trainees are made to watch the video once again but this time the manager is shows the key behavior in the same situation, due to this the subordinates react positively to their supervisor. The video segment shows how it trainer can successfully get across his ideas by using key behavior in the learning process. The social learning process in hospitality industry can also be done by learning the various requirements of the guest and learning behavior pattern through social interactions (Morgan et al., 2012). The delivery system can also be based on the understanding of desired type of training interaction of the participants and the trainer. The various seating arrangements of the participants is shown below with the diagram as follows Examples of seating formations Source: (Roy, 2014) Program objectives Among the various objectives of learning outcomes, four objectives of the training program include cognitive objectives, affective objectives, behavior objectives and developmental objectives. The cognitive objective is related to what the new entrants are willing to know. The affective objectives are related to the various set of instructions that needs to be delivered to the participants. The behavior objectives are the ones which relate to performing of the various activities of Langham Hotel in terms of delivering superior customer service. The developmental objectives are related to complex learning outcomes mainly focusing on the varying degrees of demonstrating a particular task (Felicenet al., 2014) Instructions for the trainer The trainer should ensure a proper knowledge of the two mentioned learning theories that is reinforcement theory and social learning theory. The trainer should set various examples based on the two theories and put forward a practical overview of applying the same in Langham Hotel on a regular basis. It should be ensured that the trainer is not biased to a particular participant during the observation process and while delivering the theories. Feedback or evaluation The evaluation process can be conducted on the basis of training evaluation form. In the training evaluation form the various parameters on the level of agreement of the questions should be stated. For example whether the objectives are clearly defined, encouragement of participation and interaction, usefulness of distributed materials, relevance of the topics covered, meeting the objectives of training and preparation level of the trainer (KumpikaitÄ—,2015). Preparation of the training and evaluation form of Langham Internationa is shown as follows: Feedback and evaluation form of Langham Hotel Source: (Greenberg, 2012) Scheduling and planning of activities The in-house training session at Langham Hotel is planned to last for 60 days. The planning is done for each single day. A training session plan consists of the sequence of the activities that will be conducted during the training session. The figure given below clearly shows a sample of a training session plan. The plan consists of the table of contents for the various activities. This helps in ensuring the activities are consistent irrespective of the trainer. The table also shows the effectiveness of the scheduled planning activities and covers the various learning objectives, time of session, topics to be covered and activities of the instructor. It also indicates program breaks for breakfast, lunch and afternoon tea. It also specifies the appropriate method of delivery of the training along with time. The sample of training session plan has been shown below as follows: Training session plan Source: (Fister et al., 2015) Resources required As the training is based on in-house premises of the hotel it is important to understand the goals and objectives of the training program and include participants who possess direct experience of the individual job skills. The in-house training program is a cost-effective measure than external training. The various requirements for conducting such a training program includes availability of stationery items such as papers, pens, markers etc., and the training room should have adequate air-conditioning, heating which can be easily adjusted. The training room should also consist of provision for refreshments and lunch delivered by a catering staff. The room layout should provide the flexibility of demonstrating learning activities through case studies and role-play. The room should have good acoustics for effective communication. Electronic gadgets such as data projector, audio systems and flip charts are a must for the training room. The provision for photocopying, printing, email and using of USB devices should also be available during the training. The room should be equipped with high-speed wireless Internet access which can be used to suffice the needs of participants as well as the trainer. A storeroom or cabinet should be present for storing the training resources and equipments. The participants should be provided with the various policies and set of standard operations which needs to be followed on a regular basis. The training guideline for each day is to be provided as a separate handout clearly stating the training objectives and its implications (Noe, 2014) The financial requirements of the training should involve the various cost components. The projection of the cost required to conduct an in-house training at Langham Hotel shown below as follows: Training Cost projection of the resources at Langham, Melbourne Expenditure Amount Direct cost Evaluation of training 2000 Cost of needs assessment 1400 Course development 2200 Printing charges 600 Overheads/Indirect cost Electricity 3200 Telephone and Internet 2400 Stationery and postage 320 Instructor salary 3000 Catering staff salary 1600 Computers 4000 Facility rental 1500 Technical equipment 3500 Total expenditure $ 25,720 Possible barriers According to (Crutchfield, 2014), the possible barriers in a training program may be caused due to lack of resources and availability of time. Hospitality industry is a fast-moving industry and managing 60 days of time only for training purposes can be detrimental for the hotel during peak seasons when the customer is high. We can see a budget estimate of more than $ 25720 needs to be spent on a training program this can hit hard during economic downturns. The conflicting priorities related to attitude, work ethics and perception of the trainees often lead to an inefficient training program. The culture of senior management is often seen as a barrier to improve the budget plan and aligned with strategy of the company. Lack of vision is often seen as a hindrance to the various developmental programs within an organization (Jones, 2013). Conclusion The report is an extensive study of the training program at Langham international Hotel situated in Melbourne. It identifies the various training methods which are being followed at present and suggests improvement on the training procedures through suitable learning theories which can be utilized to suit the various requirements of the hotel. The training and developmental programs are best to the standards of the Australian hospitality industry. The report also shows the various techniques of feedback and evaluation of the training program. The financial details are based on a realistic approach of the present market conditions. The report further suggests the various possible barriers which need to be solved through collaborative techniques with the employees and participants. Reference List Akers, R. L., Jennings, W. G. (2015). Social learning theory. The Handbook of Criminological Theory, 230-240. Billett, S., Choy, S., Dymock, D., Smith, R., Henderson, A., Tyler, M., Kelly, A. (2015). Towards More Effective Continuing Education and Training for Australian Workers. National Centre for Vocational Education Research (NCVER). Bratton, J., Gold, J. (2012). Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Careers at The Langham Hotels Resorts: Find and apply for hotel and hospitality jobs at Career.langhamhotels.com. Retrieved 31 May 2016, from https://career.langhamhotels.com/training.htm Chen, W. J. (2013). Factors influencing internal service quality at international tourist hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 35, 152-160. Crutchfield, E. B. (2014). Developing human capital in American manufacturing: a case study of barriers to training and development. Routledge. Felicen, S. S., Rasa, L. C., Sumanga, J. E., Buted, D. R. (2014). Internship Performance of Tourism and Hospitality Students: Inputs to Improve Internship Program. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(6), 42. Fister, I., Rauter, S., Yang, X., LjubiÄ , K., Fister, I. (2015). Planning the sports training sessions with the bat algorithm. Neurocomputing, 149, 993-1002. doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2014.07.034 Greenberg, I. (2012). ESL Needs Analysis and Assessment in the Workplace. The Cambridge Guide to Second Language Assessment, 178. Horng, J. S., Lin, L. (2013). Training needs assessment in a hotel using 360 degree feedback to develop competency-based training programs. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 20, 61-67. Horng, J. S., Lin, L. (2013). Training needs assessment in a hotel using 360 degree feedback to develop competency-based training programs. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 20, 61-67. Jones, A. M., Punia, M., Young, S., Chase, C., Zidenberg-Cherr, S. (2013). Training and Professional Development Barriers and Opportunities in Programs Participating in the National School Lunch Program. The FASEB Journal, 27(1_MeetingAbstracts), 1062-13. KumpikaitÄ—, V. (2015). Human resource training evaluation. Engineering economics, 55(5). Morgan, T. J. H., Rendell, L. E., Ehn, M., Hoppitt, W., Laland, K. N. (2012). The evolutionary basis of human social learning. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 279(1729), 653-662. Noe, R. A. (2014). Employee training and development. McGraw-Hills Education, Singapore. Pan, F. C. (2015). Practical application of importance-performance analysis in determining critical job satisfaction factors of a tourist hotel. Tourism Management, 46, 84-91. Roy, J. E. (2014). The Impact of Seating Arrangement on Students' Learning in Secondary Schools. International Journal of Information, Business and Management, 6(2), 1. Schwarzer, R. (2014). Self-efficacy: Thought control of action. Taylor Francis. Ubeda-Garca, M., Marco-Lajara, B., Sabater-Sempere, V., Garca-Lillo, F. (2013). Does training influence organisational performance? Analysis of the Spanish hotel sector. European Journal of Training and Development, 37(4), 380-413. Xu, B., Yang, C., Shi, Z. (2014). Reinforcement learning output feedback NN control using deterministic learning technique. Neural Networks and Learning Systems, IEEE Transactions on, 25(3), 635-641.

The Aging Population free essay sample

After 16 years of war and depression, World War II ended in 1945, and more babies were born between 1946 and 1964 (78 million) than ever before and never since, which gave way to the name â€Å"baby booms†. The first stage of the boom occurred during 1945-1950, and the second was from mid 1950-1964. Financial advantages turned out to be plentiful after the war; and this generation of baby boomers became known as the â€Å"Me Generation† (Gigante, 2010). In terms of aspirations, accomplishments, and lifestyles the boomers excelled over earlier generations. Higher education became a priority for this generation; women began to achieve equality in the workforce, which opened doors to specialized skills, and decision-making positions (Williamson, 2008). As of 2011, the oldest of the boomers have reached retirement age (Gigante, 2010). With Americans turning age 50 every 7. 5 seconds, by the year 2015, baby boomers will represent 45% ced of the United States population. By the year 2030, one in five Americans will be age 65 or over, and the demand for medical care for the boomers will spill over for the next twenty years. We will write a custom essay sample on The Aging Population or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 60% of adults age 50 64 have at least one chronic disease, and adults over age 65 85 could be diagnosed with more than one (Huffington, 2013). Hospitals, clinics, care centers, and insurance providers are working on plans for the expected increase in medical services for the aging baby boomers. With 60% of the boomers having one or more chronic disease that require regular healthcare visits. By year 2030, 28% of the U. S. population will be elderly, and additional healthcare personnel would be needed to assist with patient care and medications, patient education, and guidance in developing lifestyle changes. Future demands for medical careers in chiropractic, alternative, holistic medicines, and other health care positions are foreseeable. In the past few decades, the shortage of nurses in the United States has worsened. There will be fewer experienced nurses in the future because; traditionally, this career has always been occupied by women and baby boomers are a large part of the existing nursing workforce that are approaching retirement (Atchison, n. d. ). Regardless of age, everyone is spending more on healthcare costs. Whereas the boomers may add to the health care crisis, expensive new drugs, diagnostics, and medical technology not only comes with an increase in demand but an increase in healthcare costs as well. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) shows the impact of the baby boomers start to decline after year 2035, but healthcare spending per person will continue to climb for the next 45 years (Gigante, 2010). The greatest obstacle for baby boomers is the lack of health insurance coverage. Baby boomers are realizing the utterly inadequacy of gaining access to and paying for long-term care. The Baby Boomers are the largest single demographic affected by the new legislation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Medicare and Medicaid are the main sources of health care coverage for the boomers age 65 and over. Pre-boomers that are not covered through work will have an opportunity to obtain coverage through ACA without the threat of higher premiums because of medical history, or rejection for pre-existing conditions. Pre-baby boomers can retire early or change careers and not worry about health insurance coverage. The ACA will do away with lifetime maximums, annual dollar limits on benefits, which has given boomers an affordable choice in insurance selection (Bob, 2013). As demanding citizens, and consumers with higher expectations of goods, services and customer care, boomers have less of a sense of loyalty than earlier generations. Shopping for services, and being willing to walk away from traditional based care, boomers have caused new changes to occur in the healthcare industry. Boomers visit doctors more, for treatments, rehabilitation, and for the latest in life-saving technology. Boomers do not share the â€Å"Doctor knows best† analogy of earlier generations, and with much less credibility. As patients, boomers demand information from choices in care to wellness strategies to billing options. As a group, boomers have caused dramatic changes in the way healthcare is organized and provided. Boomers and the elderly account for 26% of office visits, 35% of hospital admissions, 34% of prescriptions, 38% of medical emergencies, and 90% of nursing home use. Continuing to place a decrease on the disability rate, demographic data continue to show an increase in life expectancy at every age. Boomers reductions in disabilities have resulted from a combination of lifestyle changes, health education, preventive medicine actions, and ready access to high quality medical connections (Blanchette, 1998). As luck would have it, even though the boomers will put an enormous strain on the federal financial plan and the healthcare industry, baby boomers will also leave behind a legacy of healthcare improvements. Demands from the largest demographic in American history is prompting pharmacy companies to develop new drugs faster, demanding accessibility to higher quality of care, anticipate health care providers to be both highly skilled and humanistic, and with expectations of advancements in science and medical technology annually to promote good health. Individual physician practices are beginning group practices with different specialties in preparation for the needed geriatric services, while offering longevity to the lives of baby boomers (Gigante, 2010). Over the next couple of decades, a fast growth of 90% or more of seniors is projected across the states in the west, along with Texas, Georgia, and Florida in the south. Slow growing metropolitan areas, mostly in the Northeast and the Midwest will also have a greater aging population, but with a decline in the younger population. Boomers could be called the first â€Å"suburban generation†, because baby boomers are most likely to reside in the suburbs, near large metropolitan areas, which began with the earlier generation after WWII (Frey, 2010). Just as baby boomers have altered the healthcare systems with the greatest impact in numbers, boomers are most likely to alter long-term care. Promoting a longing for dignity and independence, boomers are already participating in assisted-living options that provide a base of social support, supplemented with fee-for-service items as needed. The enormous costs and the increasing regulations with regards to nursing home care for sicker patients will result in centers changing into long-term care hospitals and subacute facilities, rather than having the truly residential and homelike environments of today (Blanchette, 1998). The baby boomers were the generation that protested the war in Vietnam, witnessed the assassination of President John F. Kennedy and Bobby Kennedy, watched Neil Armstrong walk on the moon, and voted for President Barack Obama, the first African-American president of United States of America. Baby boomers are not put together to grow old gracefully, and are not likely to settle for less (Gigante, 2010).

The target audience Essay Example

The target audience Paper There are many languages used in the advert, but the ones that I thought of straight away are shocking, aggressive and factual.  I found it shocking, because the dog is happy as if the owner hasnt taken the dog for a walk. Now the dog says hes going for a swim, but then he changes his mind, because the river looks cold and dirty plus the owner didnt bring a towel, instead he bought a sack. When the dog says the owner a sack you can assume that he is going to put the dogs in the sack and throw them in the canal. You see this through pathos. I found it aggressive at the end, when the slogan came up, because I have already explained, it is direct appeal. It is aggressive because they use the word DAMN. That is an unusual word to use in adverts, but then again it is important. That is why I found it factual just before the slogan. The woman voice over says that every year the RSPCA has to rescue thousands of unwanted pets, and it is true, that is why I think it is factual.  Using camera angles, diegetic sound and an aggressive slogan at the end put the RSPCAs television campaign together.  The use of camera angles in the advert makes the advert more important. There are many camera angles used in the RSPCAs broadcast, there are, medium shots, low angle and the god shot (birds eye view). We will write a custom essay sample on The target audience specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The target audience specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The target audience specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The purpose of the medium shot is to set the atmosphere. Medium shots are sort of like flash backs, but theyre just still shots. We see this shot in the advert, when the dog changes his mind about swimming, because the river is cold and dirty. After the dog says that, the camera goes back to show us how dirty the river is and the camera stays there for five seconds.  The other shot is when the owner takes the dogs to put them in the sack, there is a wall with graffiti on it, and bin bags in front. Already that shop makes the atmosphere seem dangerous. Low angle shots make the owner seem powerful. This is because this angle is through the dogs eyes. This camera angle is the dog, because the camera is shaking. This angle is good because it shows us what the dog sees, and how we would feel if we were in the dogs position. This is a sort of persuasive shot, because if you were a dog then you wouldnt want that happening to you.  This angle makes the owner seem powerful, because in the advert when it comes up to the graffiti on the walls, the owner puts a rope around the camera to make it a leash.  The birds eye shot is the most important shot. There is only one of these shots, which makes it special. This shot is probably the biggest shot in the advert, because this proves you are right about the owner, if he is really going to kill the dogs. This shot shows the owner putting the dog in the sack and walking towards the river.  The diegetic sounds in the advert give us an affect of isolation and fear.  The diegetic sounds in this advert are; footsteps, river flowing, cars and trees moving in the wind.  The fear factor is when the owner crosses the road with his dogs, but doesnt have them on a leash. This makes us think he deliberately wants them to get run over by a car.  When they are walking or running through the grass, the dog looks at the river and thinks again about going for a swim, but still the owner takes him. This is isolation. What gives this advert a big affects that the dogs voice is young and Scottish, which makes the audience think the dog is care free and happy and is more vulnerable.  Without the owners diegetic sound, then we wouldnt have suspected that the owner was going to do this, because he started off happy, but then gradually gets angry, stressed and inpatient.  No voice-overs make the audience think back on images.  The slogan at the end is really aggressive, but it still is persuasive. This is because the slogan is presented on a blank screen, followed by the birds eye view shot of the dog being thrown in the river. My opinion is that the television advert is more persuasive than the radio advert. The radio advert you have to think and listen to the advert and work out that it is a dog, but in the television advertise you already know it is a dog because another dog is running in front of the camera that is speaking. Radio adverts are some how good, because the people that dont have time cant watch it on television, so they just listen to it on the radio. If you were a blind person then you would prefer the television advertise because it has diegetic sounds, which make you imagine what is going on. Some people prefer radio adverts, because the television takes up a lot of electricity, plus radio is cheaper than television.

Genitically Engineered Food essays

Genitically Engineered Food essays The biggest experiment in human history has begun, with us as the guinea pigs and planets ecological system as the test site. Need more hints about the topic. We find it mixed in our food on the shelves in the supermarket and we find it growing in the test fields. Give up? The topic is genetically engineered food. Everyone is talking about it. Well whats the big deal? you ask. Its nothing new. Humans have been using bio-technology for the preparation and manufacture of food for hundreds of years; using yeast for making beer and bread and selecting the breeding plants and animals for higher productivity and nutritive value. (1) Genetic engineering is a new technology that breaks down the genetic barriers between species, humans, animals and plants. It combines genetic engineering with conventional breeding methods. Its the process of artificially modifying genes. In reality its frightening. Genetic engineering poses ethical and social concerns as well as serious challenges to the environment, human health and the future of agriculture, but is it really safe? Many are against it and are trying to find answers to the problem? First things first, to find out what genetically modified foods are, we will have to know what genetic engineering is. Well its the movement of genes from one organism to another and is often termed recombinant DNA technology, also known as genetic modification or genetic manipulation, but for those who prefer the ultimate truth, its cutting out genes and splicing in new genes from totally unrelated species. (2) Scientists are being able to transfer genes from fish to tomato, human to pig, scorpion to potato, and about any other unsavoury combination you can imagine. Each experiment in this field presents unique problems, but all share four separate stages: Stage 1. Cleavage. The first stage is the generation of specific DNA fragments by cl...

Advance taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Advance taxation - Essay Example If Watson considers a change in the payment of tax, the company will need to comply with the rules governing the calculation of tax for a period of more than 12 months. In the case of a period of 17 months, the tax computation will be apportioned into two chargeable accounting periods i.e. a period of 12 months and the other of 5 months. In this case, the trading income will be apportioned based on the time. Capital allowances will however be calculated separately for each of the chargeable accounting period (CAP) Moreover, property income will also be apportioned based on time. Non trade interest on the other hand will be considered in the period of accrual in case there are no details to assist in apportionment. Non chargeable gains will be computed for in the period of the gain while gift aid will be considered in the period in which they are paid. The company will not be entitled to repayment in the first three years since the company has not incurred losses. In the fourth yea, the company will carry forward their entitlement for the non recovered claims plus interest to subsequent years. The relief will therefore be realized in the year 2014 and after. In conclusion, companies must ensure that they compute their tax liability or make their tax claims as per the tax regulations to avoid unnecessary penalties and to ensure that they operate as per tax

Potasium Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Potasium - Essay Example Potassium is a chemical element represented by the symbol K and atomic number 19. Elemental potassium is a silvery-white metal, oxidizes quickly in the air, and reacts with water (Shaposhnik, 2007). During reaction with water, hydrogen is emitted and the heat generated is sufficient to ignite the hydrogen and burns with a lilac flame (Woodford, 2002). Potassium and Lithium are the least dense known metals. Interestingly the composition of the element makes up about 1.5% the earth crust’s weight. It is one of the most common mineral elements though it is rarely found naturally. It is found in crystalline form as feldspars or micas (Woodford, 2002). Roza (2007) ascribed that people used plant ash to make soap. Later on scientists discovered that plant ash is composed of potassium (Roza, 2007). The main applications of potash were the production of glass, soap, bleach, and gunpowder as potassium nitrate. The discovery of potassium chloride mineral deposits in Germany led to the mass production of potassium-containing fertilizers. The humans require this element for proper functioning of the system. There are events that leads to abnormal functioning that relates to deficiency of the element for instance consumption of coffee, alcohol, severe stressing of the body, excess strenuous physical and using potassium-wasting diuretics deprives the system of this element leading to hypokalemia (Roza, 2007; Woodford, 2002). Potassium deficiency leads to muscle weakness, severe fatigue, cardiac arrest, nervous disorders and poor reflexes can occur. Other conditions that influence the risk of hypokalemia include severe vomiting or diarrhea, abuse of laxatives, anorexia or bulimia, Magnesium deficiency and congestive heart failure. Excess potassium in the body could lead to dehydration. The kidneys regulate the concentration of potassium in the body (Roza, 2007; Woodford,

Attraction and Performance of Unilever Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Attraction and Performance of Unilever - Essay Example The company at global level has 120 different HR systems and it is therefore imperative to evolve integrated TM policy to adjust fast and survive in this environment. What differentiates Unilever as a potential employer to attract talent How an employee can derive satisfaction with his needs addressed from his work with the company "Through HR processes, we answer these needs and deliver solutions, experiences and stretch assignments that keep people engaged in their jobs" (Le Camus 2008). A business strategy howsoever strong can translate into profitable business result only when the right talent is attracted, developed and assigned the job compatible with the talent. The Unilever TM policy identifies the talent needs for future business strategy and mobilizes the talent to develop in them the capability to achieve business results. Performance orientation is vital to success in business. It becomes easier as a practice when the business development objectives of an organisation converge with the personal development objectives of its employees. ... It is the task of the line managers to deliver performance management by managing the talents through providing guidance with a view to achieving personal development of the employee and business development of the organisation within the desired timeframe. However, for delivering employee brand experience, the line managers need to be thoroughly aware of the importance of people management. It is therefore necessary for an organisation like Unilever to ensure that the line managers perform their tasks of grooming in a way that there are always people who can take up the mantle of team leadership. An executive must not leave the company without growing a replacement ready to take up his or her role. This sows the seeds for the organizational success as there are always mentors by whom new talents are nurtured resulting in each employee getting enriched by the experience and becoming an ambassador for the organisation. To be able to manage business of a global scale, an organisation needs to create a talent pool from all over the world. The operational units of Unilever are spread across diverse cultures creating complex barriers that need to be overcome through HRM 3 strategies coordinated on a global scale. TM in the context of Unilever involves managing employees coming from different parts of the world to perform across a wide range of level from domestic to global. The company has to develop a framework for International HRM to effectively address this diversity in the employees' background in respect of culture, education, economic, political and legal systems and create an integrated TM process to grow in the global market. The theme of this process is

Market Strategy Of Titan Watches

Market Strategy Of Titan Watches During late 2008 and 2009 confidence of consumer fell and people became more aware about their spending in watches and jewellery has not been immune to the economic climate. During 2005 jewellery and watches market grew by 10 % were it reaches to  £4.8 billion in 2010 and over next five year Mintel forecasts is 11%growth in watches and jewellery market. Hence 2011 is also going to be the year to invest in mens jewellery. Stephen Webster presented a strong case for mens jewellery at IJL in September 2010, and assuming male customer only want watches and the odd signet or chain could lead to missing out on a potential wealth of customer. Its not that male customers dont want it: they just dont know they want it. Men dont have thinking about what to wear as women do, explain Webster. But once a man is bejewelled, theres no looking back. They also dont wait for special occasions like woman do, and they can go from zero to jewellery enthusiast in no time. Market research company Mintels September 2010 report Watches and Jewellery Retailing UK found that 20% of male respondent said they like receiving jewellery as a gift, and 12% said that they had purchased all of their own jewellery. So the market is clearly there to be exploited. http://www.retail-jeweller.com/trends/in-with-the-new-2011-trends/5020089.article Rapid increase in gold prices and recession change many consumers mind to buy silver instead of gold, this trend is rising to nearly three in ten women with almost one in five people wearing silver jewellery than gold; particularly young people aged 15-24. Now days Consumers are willing to experiment and try new looks with little minimising their bank balances which means many costume jewellery items are affordable and easy disposable without denting their bank balance. Young aged under-35 is more open to pay large amounts for watches these are consumers who do not wear jewellery to express their individuality or to show their consumer spending power. As the research has should that 86% of consumers wear a watch, were 40% only buy a new watch when their old watch is broken. The new reason for purchase a watch could be watchs main function with health benefits as a new way of helping the consumer. http://oxygen.mintel.com/sinatra/oxygen/display/id=479809 Executive Summary: https://www.keynote.co.uk/market-intelligence/view/product/10331/chapter/0 Why buy me. Can be better explain by to fend off the competition by constant innovation, reinvigorate, recalibrate, update. Many brands and companies are continuously renovating their business and holding positioning themselves for growth. Positioning able offerings for brands and availability of product in the market. Several key target groups and users meet their needs as it reaches a certain mode of consumers and delivers benefits to them. Consumer and user are attributed by benefits and product as they are depended on how actual approach of a company or brands position communicates in the market place. As a result positioning or product of a company find one to keep further distance itself from competitors which is based on list of items, but very importantly in six key :, Distribution, Quality, Attributes, Product, Price and Usage Occasions. As compared to earlier times consumerism has undergone a sea change where the consumers are informed about the products. Hence, the market has become customer centric. Understanding the importance of customer is become the structure of business; in effects companies have started in regular basis i.e. repositioning exercise. In the recent times Titian Industries Ltd had a major brand repositioning exercise was planned more in order to provide more to its customers. Now the company holds new position. This study will help to understand the revived positioning strategies of Titan watches. An analysis of repositioning strategies of Titan also forms of the study. Firstly it is important to understand the overall wrist watch industry in UK. Secondly to study the brand positioning and re-positioning strategy of Titan wrist watches and to find out about the loyal customers of Titan watches as they are aware of the new positioning strategies of the company and how they used them. To study primary and secondary data have been used. Analysis UK wrist watch industry and brand repositioning strategies of TITAN Company has been analysed and completed on the basis of secondary data. Internet, journals, books and magazines have been used for this purpose. Project comprises conducting a questionnaire survey. (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() Introduction: 1.1 Theory and concepts: According to Peter Drucker A business has two and only two basic functions: marketing and innovation To maintain business relevance and market position, it is important to continuously innovate and invent brand image in the market to pace with change and intense competitive pressure in the marketplace. In this context, now days brand positioning and revitalization strategies have become a business vital part for battling brand erosion. Further heightened for brand repositioning is because of rising cost and high risk connected with launching a new brand in market. Increase in the cost and high risk related with launching a new brand that is a part of brand reposition. Brand reposition has received very importance in the marketing literature and treated as a difference of brand positioning. Reposition can be required as the market changes and new opportunities occur. In order to reach the customer which was never targeted at first can also be targeted with brand reposition. In order to change its image in the market it is important to focus towards brand repositioning, although it is one of the toughest and harder actions for repositioning of familiar brand in market. As per Solomon, essential part in the marketing efforts is position strategy because companies have to use the elements in the marketing mix to influence the customers understanding the position. There has to be several choices to be, so to as to be in more attractive and relevant position. It is important for the person who is reposition for the reposition to know and understand why reposition is necessary and its need, and if the offer is the one that will change or just the brand name. While repositioning it is important to undertake and understand all the risk factors that is likely to affect it in the market. A company risks its credibility and reliability more while repositioning its brand in the market and the need for a thorough strategy is very important to avoid any occurrence. Some analyst argues that to successfully reposition a established brand name is almost impossible because repositioning of a brand can make the most loyal customer to switch brand. If the brand is eroded then brand reposition becomes important. Numerous attempts to reposition brand in the market may fail which is testified by many company for example while soft drink has successfully been able to connect with the youth though they exist for 40 years in the market but at the same Levis, jeans has been losing its market share to newcomers such as The Gap despite numerous campaigns designed to reposition the brand trend. 1.2 Literature Review: The reposition strategy is defined into three stages that is: Introductory Elaboration Fortification This involves the introduction of a new or a repositioned brand, seeking underline the brands value over others, and to broaden the brand position. It is truly hard to change the customers perceived attitude towards a brand, and therefore the risk is great that the attempt to repositioning might fail. After rolling out the strategy, it is time to modify the proposition through update of the personality and through repositioning. There pros and cons with both of this segments and it is great significance that they are truly calculate when deciding the next step in the process. To understand it more deeply http://htmlimg4.scribdassets.com/55f3acalz4nfgla/images/10-81b5e3fa9c/000.jpg Figure 1: Stages in brand strategy development. When a company modifies or change something that is already there in the market established in the mind of the customer that is called as repositioning. Different profession and individuals have different meaning and understanding towards Repositioning. There are few different definitions and greater understanding about this concept: Repositioning is a change, principally about triggering the vision, mission and value in a new direction that is more suited f or the brand in the future- Brand manager consultant. Principally, reposition concerns changing the consumers perception of the brand PR consultant. Repositioning is built upon the change of unique and differentiated associations with the brand in some kind of direction; it is about having a balance between the category party and differentiation when using reposition strategies (Leading Brand strategies) From these definitions, it is obvious that reposition is about moving something to more attractive and relevant position. Reposition direction is often decided as to what a company wants to achieve. There is also a visible relation between price and quantity aspects. When a company perceives the market as a demand curve, the purpose is to down stretch or upward curve. When moving up and there is a need for reaching the premium segment and expand up wards. Figure: The principle of reposition. When striving towards a new position in the market, it is important to understand those consumers are limited. Peoples minds select what to remember and it is important to convince the consumers with greater arguments. The market always strive for change which is rapid and therefore repositioning can be necessary to meet these demands, newer and stronger arguments have to be established to convinced them to stay as loyal customers. As repositioning is a very complicated matter and therefore there are no detailed theories or models. Aim for repositioning is different for different person, and the only connection between all the different theories is that repositioning is moving something from somewhere towards a greater position at the market. Corstjens and Doyle (1989) identified three types of repositioning strategies: Zero repositioning, which is not a repositioning at all since the firm maintains its initial strategy in the face of a changing environment. Gradual repositioning, where the firm performs incremental, continuous adjustments to its positioning strategy to reflect the evolution of its environment; and Radical repositioning that corresponds to a discontinuous shift towards a new target market and /or a new competitive advantage. After learning the repositioning of several brands from the UK market, the following 8 types of repositioning have been identified. These are: Increasing relevance to the consumer Increasing occasions for use Making the brand serious Falling sales Bringing in new customers Making the rand contemporary Differentiate from other brands Changed market conditions A four phased brand repositioning approach can be followed to achieve the intended benfits- Phase I. Determining the current status of the brand Phase II. What does the brand stand for today? Phase III. Developing the brand positioning platforms Phase IV. Refining the brand Positioning and Management Presentation The advantages that can be derived from brand repositioning exercises can be summarized as: Value over others Updated personality Relevant position The risks associated with such strategies are: Loss of focus Neglecting original customers Losing credibility for the brand Confusing the brand Therefore, in order UNLEARN the brand positioning one must help the customer to know brand repositioning in more difficult than initially positioning. This can be done by: Carefully crafted communication New products, packaging Associations with other brands ( co- branding, co- marketing, ingredient branding, strategic alliances, etc) that reinforce the new brand positioning. This exercise is so critical to an organizations success that the organizations and leader in marketing/brand management should develop skill preferably with the help and facilitation of an outside brand positioning expert. Research Methodology: 2.1 Objectives To study the current scenario of UK wrist watch industry. To review the brand positioning strategies of different sub-brands of watches. To analyze the brand repositioning strategies of watches. To study consumer awareness and perception about the brand repositioning strategies of watches. This study will help to understand the gap in its communication strategy regarding brand repositioning exercises and the further measures to be taken for effective marketing communications. 2.2 Limitations: The study is confined to London area only There is possibility of sampling errors in the study The responses of the consumers may not be genuine Questionnaire may not be comprehensive 2.3 Sources of Data Collection: The relevant data was collected from both primary sources and secondary sources. The starting point of my information gathering has been the secondary sources such as internet, books, and journals and so on. Firstly, brand positioning and repositioning strategies of Titan, secondary sources such as internet, insurance magazines, and journals and so on. Then I conducted a consumer awareness survey on brand repositioning strategies undertaken by Titan watches in recent times. 2.4 Sampling: To conduct sampling of 50 loyal consumers of Titan and in the age group of 20 30 years for this study. Since Titan has taken up brand repositioning strategies since January 2011, consumers who have seen the previous and new campaigns have been targeted. 2.5 Primary data: Data was collected through an interview schedule, consisting of both open ended and closed ended questions. It consisted of the parameters like reasons consumers brand preference, recollection of earlier tagline and advertisement, brand ambassador of Titan awareness of new tagline and campaign featuring sportsmen and actors from International body and so on. The data was collected through e-mails, telephone contacts and one to one personal interviews. Industry Overview UK Watch industry: In 2004 and 2008 market report examines the jewellery and watches market in UK were fluctuated and fell by 2.8% and finish at  £4.33 billion in the review report. Large declined in 2008 contribute to the global economic downturn and UK recession which adversely effected nearly all UK industries. The only unaffected by the downturn was the luxury end of the market end, but by the 2008 and 2009 it begun to take effect on it. In recent year the jewellery and watches become increasingly competitive. Although this market have wide range of suppliers and retailers also online retailing have contributed highly for transparent for information on pricing and availability of products. This was a positive trend for small brands that was previously unable to deal with consumer directly. Some larger retailers and few independents have developed their transactional sites to deal with their consumer demand. The product which have high rate of consumer penetration with around a third of the UK population owning piece jewellery and watches. In 2009 downturn in UK economy shows that it will affect all areas of consumer spending and unlikely to show reversal in near future. It seems the concepts of a wrist watch have become that of a status symbol rather than a practical chronometer. According to a survey that suggest one in seven people in the UK has no need for watch, apart from as a fashion accessory. Gadgets such as iPods, laptops and mobile phone, represent threat to the watch industry, survey conducted by Mintel. Even in the age of iPhones, people spend huge amount of money on a quality time piece, with high-end brands such as Rolex and Tag Heuer adorning blinged up wrist of rappers, bankers and fashionistas alike. http://www.wharf.co.uk/2010/11/why-wrist-watches-are-dialling.html SWOT ANALYSIS OF THE UK WATCH INDUSTRY: Strengths: Watch industry is growing industry which faster rate As the population is rising, the watch market is also expanding Customers are not very price sensitive as far as quality watch is concerned Weakness: There is not much advertising done by watch industry No innovation in products There are few number of exclusive showrooms that reduces the consumers accessibility to the product There are few marketers, who are concentrated only upon a particular niche segment (Tag Heuer ) Opportunities: There is more need of fashionable luxury watch and fine luxury watch brands that can be targeted in UK, as customers are more like trendsetter and fashionable. UK especially London is a metropolitan city which makes it more attractive for the new company. Youth are more brand conscious than their predecessors. That leads to the expansion of the market for branded watches. Threats: There are many foreign players entering in the race Too many players will dilute the market and the profit margin. Mobile phones acting as substitutes of the watches. The Indian watch industry began in the year 1961 with the commissioning of the watch division of Titan. The first watch model manufactured by HMT was the Janata model in the year 1962. HMT was the leader in the watch market till the Tatas formed Titan watches in association with Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation in the year 1987. They took a major strategy decision, which later changed the face of the Indian watch market to manufacture only quartz watches. Liberalisation in 1992 and removal of quantitative restrictions due to WTO has opened the doors for many the Indian market viz. Tissot, Swatch, Omega, Rado, TAGHeuer. The import duties on watches are falling which makes the Indian market look attractive for the global majors like Casio, Swatch and Citizen. Company Profile: Overview Titan is one of the largest watch producer in India and sixth largest in the world. Titan manufactures over 7 million watches per annum and have 65 million customer. In 1984 titan was established as a joint venture between the Tata Group and Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation. Manufacturing in a state- of -the art at Hosur, Tamil Nadu the company brought the large change in Indian market, by offering quartz technology with international styling. By understanding the different segments in the market, the company launched its second brand Sonata watch, as value brand for those who like styled watches with affordable prices. In last two decade the company has build an very good impression in watch business to become Indias largest manufacturer and world largest sixth manufacturer of watches. This was mainly because good formidable distribution network. Being one of largest retail chain of exclusive retail showroom for watches called The world of Titan spread over 100 towns. Titan have branches over 30 countries, its also have multi brand outlets named Time Zone, service centres and dealer outlets. The company has watch plant at Dehradun (UP) and Baddi (Himachal Pradesh) and electronic circuit boards in Goa. The promoters held majority stake of the company, with Tidco having 28% of the shares and Tata Group companies owing 25% of the shares and the public sharing holding around 28% in the company. The rest of the stake held by the foreign institution, non resident Indian, mutual fund and other institution. It also acquiring a license for global brands such as Tommy Hilfiger and Hugo Boss, while. It has also in its portfolio its first Swiss Made watch brand Xylys. In 1995 the company capitalize to brand Tanishq as diversified into jewellery in fragmented market operating no brand in urban city. Also in 2005 the company launched its second Jewellery brand, GoldPlus, as using its opportunity for capitalizing in small town and rural India. Its also diversified into fashion Eyewear by launching Fastrack Eye Gear sunglasses as well as prescription eyewear. TITAN WATCHES: BRAND POSITIONING STRATEGIES Overall strategies: Since from the beginning Titan has been positioned as a premium brand, because its high quality products for its customer. Titan is struggling to have a strong brand image in UK market due to its numerous sub-brands that caters to different segments in India. It follows different positioning strategies; these strategies can also be analyzed as given below: Attribute Positioning: The company launched first quartz watches to Indian market as its product. The company successfully penetrate the market by this launch, under this strategy came Raga, Classique and Regalia. Classique positioned as style corporate wear that leaves a quiet definite impression and qualities of function. Regalia ranger represent the elegant-wear. Raga is an exclusive watch as positioned. The Raga and silver Raga collection of style, delicate and feminine with each piece unique truly. User Positioning: Titan provides to several user groups children (the Dash), sportspersons and adventurers. The fastrack range is seen as being modern and related to present time, reliable and sturdy. The advertising, packaging and merchandising of this range is young, cool and vibrant. Benefit Positioning: Titan offer many deals to differentiate its offering on the basis of superior style and attractiveness which is offered by Digital range fastrack. Competitors Positioning: Titan had to encounter the threat with the entry of several foreign watchmakers into the market; most the entrants are catering to the upper end of the market Omega, Cartier etc. Quality or Price Positioning: In the overseas market, especially in Europe where it is competing with Swiss and Japanese watches, it is position itself as value-for-money (less than Swiss watches and higher than Japanese), by giving attractively styled and of good quality. TITAN WATCHES: BRAND RE-POSITIONING STRATEGIES FOR GLOBALISATION Titan has managed to get fair market in Middle East and Africa but its failure in Europe was a downturn for the Company as the return was not as good as investment made for the expansion. Titan has decided to revamp its flagship watch brand in Europe mainly in UK. Titan wants to reposition it more youthful and relevant to the changing times. Titan has entered the International markets in 1989 through the export of watch movements. Titans first global footprint was placed in the UAE the largest market in the Middle East then it moved towards Egypt, Oman, Saudi Arabia and few markets in Africa. Though it faced strong competition, it reached the sales of 100,000 watches within a year of its launch. It started to move globally and moves towards Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Maldives and Nepal. After its extensive survey, it concluded that it needs good reason to stock the brand. Titan needs to re-position its brand image in the UK market. And so Titan decided to against soft option of driving its globalization through private label exports. It would launch its product under its own brand with market positioning Therefore Titan found a massive advertising campaign to create brand awareness. It also participated in the fair which showcases the worlds biggest watch brand in the world. http://www.moodiereport.com/images/luxury_watch_tables_jan10_04.jpg http://www.moodiereport.com/images/luxury_watch_tables_jan10_05.jpg CONCLUSION: The suggestions to improve consumer awareness about brand repositioning strategy of Titan are as follows: To increase its visibility, Titan Company can sponsor events similar to fashion shows which all latest designs launched are displayed. This is important as it has a great effect on different segments of the customers in different ways. It is important to have Tie up with radio channels and television to broadcast and telecast its advertisement about various sales promotion from time to time. RD needs more investment as customer expectations are changing rapidly. It should focus more on introducing more varieties and luxury items in the market at regular interval. Introduce exclusive collection for working women which is more contemporary and complements any fashion styles. Tie up with international watch brands to make the product stronger in the market. To use internet to spread awareness among consumer about the brand. (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })()

Herbs :: essays research papers

Your studying for your final exams when all of a sudden you feel it coming on. A headache. It’s definitely your worst one yet, and to make matters worse, you’ve only just started studying an hour ago. It’s probably from going over all those problems in the small print of your text book. The test is tomorrow and the pain in your head is so unbearable that the only way known to make it go away is to go to bed. But, in the back of your mind, you know that you haven’t finished studying yet and if you go to bed now, you’ll definitely fail the test tomorrow. Does this problem sound familiar? How many of you can say that after continuously studying, your head starts to pound ? Well, there is no need to worry about failing anymore, because, believe it or not, there is a new way that studies are showing that can relieve your headaches, lower you stress levels, and actually make you relax more. Believe it or not, the newest way to make all those things I just said happen is by using herbs. Now I know what your thinking, herbs, aren’t they just used for cooking? Well, not anymore. In this speech I’m going to tell you what type of problems herbs can be used to treat, which herbs to use, and how to apply and prepare them. When it comes to what problems herbs can be used for, their are so many. Common problems that teenagers have nowadays are headaches, stress, acne, colds symptoms, and depression. These problems can usually occur around finals, flu season, and just out of the blue. Also, as teens get older, they have more freedom and would hate to be stuck in the house sick or with a terrible headache when a massive party is going on . Now, teens won’t have to make their parents pay money for medicine that taste disgusting and takes days to make them feel better. They can just use different types of herbal treatments that aren’t that hard to make an d can make the pain go away faster. Now, you can’t just use any herbs for these problems. Their are over 100 herbs commonly used, and not all of them are used for the same problems. When it comes to headaches, the most known herbs used to make them go away is betony, willow, and lavender.

How Do I Spend My Free Time Essay

Nowadays, some people consider that children have too much leisure time and in spite of wasting it, they should use it to do more school work. In my opinion, I think children should use their free time wisely to develop their skills not only in school work but also in their life. Firstly, we all know that people cannot keep on working all the time. We need to stop and relax ourselves. And after a long day in school, children also need to relax. In their free time, they can play games, have a small party or even talk to each other to refresh their mind and keep themselves away from the stressful atmosphere of the school. The games or sports that I play make me more reflexive, faster, and stronger both physically and mentally. For example in tennis, the player has to run, focus on the ball and swing the bat accurately at the same time. Children can improve their body, their reflections and their brain at the same time. Another thing that I do in my free time is pottering around in the garden with my mother. She plants a fair bit of flowers and I enjoy helping her take care of them. It is a pleasure to feel the soil, prune the plants, remove the weeds and do the little things that help the plants grow better. It always fills me with wonder to watch seedlings germinate, leaves sprout and eventually grow to produce beautiful flowers. Social skills play an important part in me daily life. People do not need to be good at their knowledge but they also need know how deal with people. With a large amount of free time, I have joined some social activities which can give me a lot of ideas about the right manners and attitudes for my future life. At night, I usually do a bit of reading before going to bed. Books are like little treasure chests. A lot of information and knowledge are to be found in them and all it takes is a bit of time spent reading them. This is certainly a very beneficial way to spend my free time. After a spot of reading, it is time for bed and on to another day.

Flood Attacks essays

Flood Attacks essays Countermeasures for SYN flood attacks There is no single countermeasure to protect against SYN flood attacks. However, there are certain steps that can be followed to minimize the risk of damage caused by such attacks. One countermeasure to SYN flood attacks is reducing the duration of time required for a timed out of a connection, to take place. If a large number of connection requests are sent to a target system, then the spoofed requests would be discarded sooner, thus minimizing the hogging of memory and hence minimizing the risk of such attacks. Although this will minimize the hogging up of system resources, it is still not a very good countermeasure against SYN Attacks. One weakness is that it might increase the probability that legitimate access is rejected. Another countermeasure is increasing the queue of connection requests. This might allow room for non attack requests to get through, however, the problem with this is that it will result in hogging up of more memory and resources of the host. A third countermeasure involves employing a firewall that will detect SYN flood attacks and respond with fake responses, and try and trace back the spoofed source address to the actual attacker. Some routers also provide a countermeasure to SYN flood attacks. The router acts as a transparent TCP proxy between the real server, and the client. When a connection request is made, the router completes the handshake for the server, and opens the real connection only after the handshake is completed. The router also places a threshold on the amount of connection requests it handles. If the amount of half-open connections exceeded the threshold it lowers the timeout period interval, thus dropping the half-open connections faster. ...

Aquittals essays

Aquittals essays Abuse of power has never been welcomed by society. Whether it is in the home, on the job, in our schools or in our government, society subjects these abuses of power to investigation and prosecution. The penalties can be a dismissal from their position, court marshal or impeachment for the president. According to Article II, Section 4 of the Constitution, the president shall be removed from the office on impeachment for and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. As we study American history, we see that the saying, history repeats itself appears to be true. For instance, more than 130 years ago, our nation faced the same event that recently occurred: the impeachment of the president of the United States. Although President Andrew Johnson and President Bill Clinton both went through the impeachment process their circumstances surrounding the charges were quite different. President Johnson was not elected, but became president after Lincolns death. President Clintons problems on the other hand were his personal affairs. Congress believed that his behavior toward them and the citizens of the United States was unacceptable. The processes and trials of Johnson and Clinton are different in their reasons for impeachment, the general state of the nation, the difference in the people and the styles of running the office of president. The reasons for impeachment of Johnson and Clinton are very different. President Johnson came into office at one of the most intense periods of our nations history. Not only had a great leader just been assassinated, but the end of a long, tragic war had just come. Congress did not think very highly of Johnson or his ideas about the South and slavery. Through loss of favor and trust and as punishment for Johnsons many votes, Congress voted to impeach him. This was just the method they were looking ...

Evaluate the implications for financial reporting of the change in the Essay - 1

Evaluate the implications for financial reporting of the change in the treatment of goodwill from IAS22 to IFRS3 - Essay Example This has impacted the financial statements of entities. In this essay the implications of these changes of financial accounting and reporting of goodwill are evaluated and discussed in detail. Goodwill computations will be highly affected with effective changes brought in by IFRS 3. Business combinations will now be accounted for only under purchase method, and merger accounting is banned. Intangible assets will be identified in larger way impacting goodwill as the IFRS 3 contains a list of suggestive intangibles. Contingent liabilities will play effective role in goodwill valuation as they will be recognized at fair value. Henceforth goodwill will not be amortized but will face impairment test will all other intangibles. Non- controlling interests will play effective role in determining cost of acquisition and thus in goodwill valuation for acquirer. Cost of restructuring the acquisition will be written off to profit and loss. This will play a part in enhancing goodwill valuation under purchase method. Excess of cost of acquisition over fair value of net assets acquired shall be treated as gain or negative goodwill and will be credited to profit and loss. The major impact is that Goodwill now be considered a permanent asset. IFRS 3 has restricted business combination accounting only under ‘purchase’ method where â€Å"the acquiring company records net assets received at fair value at the date of combination. Any excess of cost over the fair value of net assets is allocated to goodwill.† (Venkatesan Sundarrajan, 1995)1. Fair value of net assets is calculated by deducting the fair market value of liabilities (including contingent liabilities) undertaken from the fair value of identified tangible and intangible assets acquired, and goodwill is the difference between cost of acquisition and the fair value of net assets acquired on acquisition date. Though goodwill was also earlier being recorded as residual value under

Soldier's Heart Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Soldier's Heart - Assignment Example People most likely to be affected by PTSD are individuals with an unstable family background, a history of low self-esteem, and prolonged exposure to the traumatic instances. People less likely to be affected by PTSD are those that have graduated high school or college and have a higher socio-economic status; however, regardless of their origins, veterans have one of the highest rates of PTSD of any group. According to Lt. Col. David Grossman, wars have far more psychological casualties than they do physical ones. Despite the high rate of PTSD among soldiers, only a small percentage of the afflicted actually seek psychological evaluation. Doctor and employee of Vermonts Department of Veteran Affairs Andrew Pomerantz reasons that most veterans with PTSD to not seek treatment because they dont want to be viewed as â€Å"weaklings.† Remembers Julie Proulx, girlfriend of late marine Jeff Lucey, â€Å"He didnt want the marines to think he was weak. He was very reluctant [to seek help].† Lucey ultimately committed suicide due to the effects of PTSD and subsequent depression. Not only do veterans fear that they will be labeled as weak, but many perceive the stigmatization of so much as seeking mental health evaluation as â€Å"job-ending.† Some soldiers, such as Rob Sarra, often fear that they will be discharged as mentally unstable. PTSD affects more than just the lives of the individuals who develop it: the disorder also takes a toll on the lives of their loved ones. The wives of returning soldiers often report their husbands to be more irritable and snippy. Sarra discusses his struggles with developing alcoholism and subsequent fights in bars. In one instance, he became so enraged that he almost killed a man, only to become re-aware of his surroundings. â€Å"If I had killed that man,† he notes, â€Å"there would be no getting around that.† Veteran Andrew Pogany reported that he developed anxiety and severe panic attacks, during which time he

INTERPROFESSIONAL WORKING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

INTERPROFESSIONAL WORKING - Essay Example Any illness or medical condition always worsens with the advancement of age, and thus it is very necessary that the patients should be given proper treatment as and when the time is abundant. But while looking at the case study of Mrs. Ivy, it is hard not to notice the negligence of various authorities and the mention of lexis such as â€Å"waiting list† and â€Å"Social services would not get involved without proper†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Selfishness is really a very amazing temperament of a human being – My point being, since Mrs. Ivy needed tremendous care and a supervisory body while she developed her Dementia, her daughter should have let Mrs. Ivy stay at her home rather than looking for a flat or government’s care centers. And there is not a mention of what her son did for her after the part that â€Å"he lives far away†. A person can not always expect the government to stand by their ‘parent’s’ side at their time of need. After all, it is logical to say, that the government can not possibly cater all the dying people. We as humans should also realize our responsibility and thus her children should have favored her to stay with either one of them. The government of Britain has set up various trusts and policies to help the elderly (particularly with mental problems such as Alzheimer, Dementia, etc. Some of the current active policies are as follows: As Mr. Tisdall notes in his book â€Å"Children, Young people and social inclusion: Participation for What?† (2006), the chief motive behind this policy states that it is really hard for children of mentally disabled parents to cope up with their parents, economic conditions and personal lives. Therefore, the government has set up this program to help the mentally disabled parents of such children to pass along the troubled times. This program by the government is basically focused on health related issues of asylums, refugees, minorities, and

Heterosexual Marriage Essay Example for Free

Heterosexual Marriage Essay In our time we can see different sex marriages: homosexual and heterosexual, but which one is better for us. None of us would be in the world if we didn’t have a mother and father. God created a man and a woman as the top of his creativity. As they say a woman completes a man and a man completes a woman. This is openness to a new life, which implies a necessity of heterosexual union. In my opinion, the word marriage should only apply to a union between a man and a woman because this marriage is legal everywhere, they have the human procreation, and better raise them children. First of all, I think that union between man and woman is legal everywhere because it is not just in the government law and in religion too. In the world this marriage is legal in all countries, and acceptable in all religious movements. The state recognizes this relationship as a public institution in its laws because the relationship makes a unique and essential contribution to the common good. In some countries they do not recognize gay-marriage, just the union between female and male. For example, in Bible God said:† It is not good for man to be alone†, a man leaving his parents and being jointed to his wife. The Bible clearly identifies marriage as being between a man and a woman. The second thought is heterosexual marriage having the human procreation. The purpose of marriage is to procreation children, so same sex marriage comes down to the biology of the sex organs. For example, a man and woman can have a child, but a woman and a woman, or a man and a man cannot. Therefore, same-sex couples cannot procreate a new life; they cannot realize this basic function of marriage. The heterosexual have every opportunity to continue to race, and also a healthy way that is not bad for the child. The last important thought, that a union between a man and a woman can better raise a child. The marital union also, provides the best conditions for raising children: namely, the stable, loving relationship of a mother and a father present only in marriage. They will not confuse the child who he or she is. For example, father is always your child’s teacher; a mother also, gives more affection and love. If we combine these two thoughts together, the children will growth completely. So, I think that the kids need both parents: a father and a mother to grow in good family. I can say that the word marriage should only apply to a union between a man and a woman because this marriage is legal everywhere, they have the human procreation, and better raise them children. This marriage is the lifetime union of a man and a woman, primarily for the purpose of build a family and provide a stable environment for that family. This is assurances of the descendant’s family, duration of their family, and savings family’s tradition. This type of marriage suitable to the human more than any others, this gives more conditions continuation of human race, and can stay legal everywhere.

A Risk Neutral Framework For The Pricing Of Credit Derivatives :: Business Finance Essays

A Risk Neutral Framework For The Pricing Of Credit Derivatives 1. INTRODUCTION Considerable research effort has gone into Credit Derivatives since the early 1990’s. The roots of credit derivatives can be traced back to the notion that the credit risk of a firm can be captured by the credit rating ascribed to it. This premise is also the cornerstone of loan pricing and credit risk management models the world over, including J.P. Morgan’s CreditMetricsTM. Empirical research enables the predictability of the event of default as well as the Loss in the Event of Default (LIED). This information is expressed in terms of a ‘transition matrix’ - a matrix that traces out the probabilities the migration of a firm’s credit rating. Rating agencies such as Standard & Poor (S&P) provide transition matrices computed from periods of data about bonds - default record and post-default behaviour in the US markets. Lack of adequate data precludes the computation of such matrices in the Indian context, although it is possible to map ratings of Indian rating agencies such as CRISIL onto S&P ratings. 2. TYPES OF CREDIT DERIVATIVES Here is a brief description of some popular types of credit derivatives: 2.1 Credit Default Swaps A credit default swap provides a hedge against default on some payment, such as a bond. The counterparty buying credit protection pays the provider a certain amount in return for a guarantee to make good the loss in the event of default. 2.2 Total Return Swaps In this contract, the ‘payer’ gives a ‘receiver’ the total return on an asset in return for the returns on a benchmark asset, typically a risk-free asset. The payer has thus eliminated the risk of default in return for a lower but certain risk-free rate of return. 2.3 Credit Spread Derivatives Credit spread derivatives take the form of credit spread options, forwards or swaps. A credit spread call option, for example, is a call option written on the level of the spreads for a given bond. The option, thus increases in value as the spread increases, so that the value of the bond is protected. 3. RISK-NEUTRALITY Hypothesising the existence of a ‘risk-neutral’ world is extremely useful in the pricing of instruments whose value is derived from a stochastic process. In the real world, the present price is less than the expected net present value of the likely outcomes in future. Thus, for example, if the price of a commodity can become either Rs.

Basque and Kosovo: A quest for freedom

In the latter part of the 1990’s, the region of Kosovo gained international media attention when the armies of Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic were deployed with the purpose of crushing the desire of the majority Albanian initiative for independence (BBC News 4, 2006).In the chronology of the 20th century, the two opposing sides in the country, Serbs and the native Albanians, had launched attempts to wrest control of the volatile region (BBC, 2006). Yugoslavia was then known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes before the onset of the First World War (BBC 3, 2008).In 1929, the state was reconstituted to the name Yugoslavia (BBC 3, 2008). Though an ethnically diverse autonomous state, tribal irritation was still very prevalent (BBC 3, 2008). During the leadership of Josip Broz Tito, the province of Kosovo and Vojodina was accorded autonomy by the government (BBC 3, 2008). But after Tito’s demise, the country began to disintegrate (BBC 3, 2008). It should be noted that the Serbians constituted only a small fraction of the entire population, the province of Kosovo was held in high reverence by the Serbs (BBC 4, 2006).To the Serbs, Kosovo was the bassinet of the heritage, erudition and their identity (BBC 4, 2006). In the constitution of the former Yugoslavia, the fundamental law set the parameters of the state of Kosovo as a semi-independent province of Serbia (BBC 4, 2006). The movement for independence began to gain stem in the 1980’s with the demise of then Yugoslav dictator Josip Broz Tito (BBC 4, 2006). The portents of trouble in the Kosovo province started in the powder keg town of Mitrovica (BBC 1, 2008).Two hand grenades were lobbed at the two world bodies’ buildings (BBC 1, 2008). The first grenade exploded in the vicinity of a United Nations edifice, the other failing to explode at the new offices of the European Union delegation (BBC 1, 2008). In the former Yugoslav capital city of Belgrade, protestors hurled roc ks and destroyed windows in the United States embassy office as crowd control forces attempted to defend against an estimated 1,000 protestors (BBC 1, 2008). The US embassy was not totally caught off guard (BBC 2, 2008).The American diplomatic building was empty at the time the rioters began their assault on the complex (BBC 2, 2008). Many foreign states had been wary that the security authorities in the country would do much of anything to try and establish control of the situation (BBC 2, 2008). The primary factor that became the trigger in the minds of the protesters was by twin events (BBC 2, 2008). First, the rioters were incensed by the promulgation of the Kosovo province of their independence (BBC 2, 2008).The other was the rapid action of the United States and many other countries to officially recognize the new nation (BBC 2, 2008). In a moment, history was made for the people of Kosovo (BBC 1, 2008). Premier Hashim Thaci declared that the new independent nation would be fo unded on respecting the rights of all native groups in the province (BBC 1, 2008). In the 1990’s various movements for the securing of independence was established on the principles of non violent aggression (BBC 4, 2008). In 1991, tribal Albanians leaders had on its won declared independence for their state (BBC 4, 2008).In the summer of 1998, many Albanians were beginning to stage protest actions against the authority of Serbia (BBC 4, 2008). As the increasing protests grew, Milosevic sent police and army contingents in the region to destroy the independence movement (BBC 4, 2008). 1999 saw the international trying to broker and finalize an accord for the restoration of order in the troubled region (BBC 4, 2008). The accord was accepted with reservations by the tribal Albanians but was turned down by Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic (BBC 4, 2008). Basque: protecting a language and a way of lifeIf the struggle in Kosovo was centered on the conflict of losing a cultural and national center, the Euskera-speaking Basques have been trying to defend their use of their language (BBC 5, 1999). For many millennia, the people of the Basque region in Spain have focused the main primer of their struggle on the preservation of their language and culture (BBC 5, 1999). But the history of the Basques as a people has been a mystery to many (BBC 5, 1999). Even their language, Euskera, is not connected with any of the Indo-European language groups spoken in the rest of European continent (BBC 5, 1999).Not only is the preservation of their native language at the core of the struggle of the Basque people, but also its defense (BBC 5, 1999). When democracy was revived in Spain after the 1975 demise of Spanish dictator General Francisco Franco, the language has since began to thrive and flourish (BBC 5, 1999). Of the estimated 2. 5 million Basques, Euskera is spoken by 30 percent of the population (BBC 5, 1999). An overwhelming majority of Basque children take up the lang uage at schools teaching Eukera (BBC 5, 1999). The earliest history of the Basque people pictures them as hardy and belligerent warriors (BBC 5, 1999).They fought off many invading armies from their territories (BBC 5, 1999). This they accomplished against the mighty Roman Empire, the ferocious Vikings and the Germanic tribe of the Visigoths, as well as Muslim trespassers (BBC 5, 1999). Hence many of the invading forces chose to steer away from the region (BBC 5, 1999). Also, Basques have developed the image of fearsome fisher folk (BBC 5, 1999). They were believed to have constructed vessels that they used to travel large swaths of ocean to fish for whales and cod fish (BBC 5, 1999).It was also believed that the Basques landed on the North American continent centuries before the discovery of the continent by Christopher Columbus (BBC 5, 1999). Ironically, a great number of the crew of Columbus’ ships was comprised of Basques (BBC 5, 1999). The struggle for an independent hom eland began during the incumbency of Spanish strongman General Francisco Franco (BBC 5, 1999). In the Spanish Civil War during the 1930’s, the Basques opposed the Nationalist armies of Franco sent to crush them (BBC 5, 1999). In anger, Franco declared the regions and its provinces as renegades (BBC 5, 1999).Franco found the task of crushing the nation difficult, and this is where the armed schismatic group, the ETA, or Euskadi Ta Azkatasuna, was formed (BBC 6, 2008). The ETA began as a student protest group in the 1960’s fiercely opposed to the stifling military rule (BBC 6, 2008). During the rule of General Franco, the Eureska language was interdicted, their unique culture was outlawed and members of the academe were incarcerated and persecuted (BBC 6, 2008). In the ensuing years of the struggle of the ETA, 820 people, many of them members of Spain’s police and politicians at odds with the demands of the ETA (BBC 6, 2008).Both the Basque state and the region of Catalonia have more than just their standing being components of Spain (Jason Richard Young, 2008). These two entities also want to have a greater separation from that larger political body (Young, 2008). The history for the drive of independence in the Basque region originate in the 7th century, with the Catalonia cause coming in at around the 10th and the 13th centuries (Young, 2008). How are they similar with the Yugoslav independence movement? Both of the movements in Spain and Yugoslavia were floundered nationalism (Young, 2008).Both of the movements flopped in the integration of their ethnic components to a singular common identity (Young, 2008). The nationalisms of Serbia and the Basques were conceived as political machinations (Young, 2008). These were conceptualized as programs to preserve and protect their individual erudite associations form infiltration from assimilation from other groups, as well as recognition as a distinct ethnic state (Young, 2008). The French withd rawal from the Pyrenees in 1530 has somewhat built a wall of separation among the Spanish and French Basques (Robert Clark, 1979).References BBC 1. (2008). Kosovo MP’s proclaim independence. Retrieved January 13, 2009, from http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/europe/7249034. stm BBC 2. (2008). Serbia faces crossroads over Kosovo. Retrieved January 13, 2009, from http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/europe/7258842. stm BBC 3. (2008). How Yugoslavia vanished from maps. Retrieved January 13, 2009, from http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/europe/7251376. stm BBC 4. (2006). Flashbacks to Kosovo’s war. Retrieved January 13, 2009, from http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/europe/5165042. stm BBC 5. (1999).Analysis: Basque pride. Retrieved January 13, 2009, from http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/europe/548545. stm BBC 6. (2008). Who are ETA? Retrieved January 13, 2009, from http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/europe/3500728. stm Clark, R. P. (1979). The Basques, the Franco years and beyond. Nevada, U. S. A: Univ ersity of Nevada Press. Young, J. R. (2008). Nationalism and ethnicity as identity politics in Eastern Europe and the Basque country. Retrieved January 13, 2009, from https://circle. ubc. ca/bitstream/2429/2262/1/ubc_2009_spring_young_jason. pdf